Free Essays on Atomic Bomb

In 1945, the United States settled on a choice that eternity changed the essence of fighting on this planet. That choice was to drop a fresh out of the plastic new development, the nuclear bomb, on Japan. The nuclear bomb was, and still is, the most dreaded weapon any country could have. This bomb brought a very long time to advance into a valuable weapon, and in this paper the course of events will unfurl. In spite of the fact that the assault occurred in 1945, the long stretches of advancement are similarly as significant. In all reality, Hitler assumed a significant job in the advancement of the nuclear bomb. It was his conviction that Germans were superior to Jews. This incited perhaps the best brain in our history, Albert Einstein, to leave Germany. Einstein, who was a Jew, had enough cash to escape Germany and settle in America. At the point when Albert Einstein distributed his hypothesis of relativity, Einstein declared that issue (mass) and vitality were two types of something very similar. As indicated by Einstein, if by one way or another we could change mass into vitality, it is conceivable to free immense measures of vitality. In any case, a hypothesis is just a hypothesis until it is demonstrated. During the following decade, a significant advance was taken in demonstrating the hypothesis of relativity when Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr portrayed the structure of an iota all the more unequivocally. They said an iota comprises of a decidedly charged center, the core, and adversely charged electrons that spin around the core. It was the core, researchers closed, that must be broken or detonated if nuclear vitality was to be freed. In 1939, preceding the start of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and a few different researchers told Roosevelt of endeavors in Nazi Germany to sanitize Uranium-235 which may thusly be utilized to construct a nuclear bomb. The letter, which bore just Einstein's mark, loaned earnestness to endeavors in the U.S. to fabricate the nuclear bomb, despite the fact that Einstein himself assumed no job in the work and knew nothin... Free Essays on Atomic Bomb Free Essays on Atomic Bomb In 1945, the United States settled on a choice that eternity changed the essence of fighting on this planet. That choice was to drop a fresh out of the box new development, the nuclear bomb, on Japan. The nuclear bomb was, and still is, the most dreaded weapon any country could have. This bomb brought a long time to develop into a valuable weapon, and in this paper the course of events will unfurl. In spite of the fact that the assault occurred in 1945, the long periods of advancement are similarly as significant. In all reality, Hitler assumed a significant job in the improvement of the nuclear bomb. It was his conviction that Germans were superior to Jews. This incited perhaps the best psyche in our history, Albert Einstein, to leave Germany. Einstein, who was a Jew, had enough cash to escape Germany and settle in America. At the point when Albert Einstein distributed his hypothesis of relativity, Einstein affirmed that issue (mass) and vitality were two types of something very similar. As indicated by Einstein, if some way or another we could change mass into vitality, it is conceivable to free colossal measures of vitality. Be that as it may, a hypothesis is just a hypothesis until it is demonstrated. During the following decade, a significant advance was taken in demonstrating the hypothesis of relativity when Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr depicted the structure of a particle all the more accurately. They said a molecule comprises of an emphatically charged center, the core, and contrarily charged electrons that spin around the core. It was the core, researchers finished up, that must be broken or detonated if nuclear vitality was to be freed. In 1939, preceding the start of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and a few different researchers told Roosevelt of endeavors in Nazi Germany to filter Uranium-235 which may thus be utilized to fabricate a nuclear bomb. The letter, which bore just Einstein's mark, loaned direness to endeavors in the U.S. to assemble the nuclear bomb, despite the fact that Einstein himself assumed no job in the work and knew nothin... Free Essays on Atomic Bomb Since the time the beginning of time man has discovered better approaches for killing one another. The most ruinous method of executing individuals known to man would need to be the nuclear bomb. The motivation behind why the nuclear bomb is so damaging is that when it is exploded, it has more than one impact. The impacts of the nuclear bomb are extraordinary to such an extent that Nikita Khrushchev said that the survivors would begrudge the dead (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1982). These overwhelming physical impacts originate from the nuclear bomb’s impact, the nuclear bomb’s warm radiation, and the nuclear bomb’s atomic radiation. A nuclear bomb is any weapon that gets its damaging force from a particle. This force comes when the issue within the molecules is changed into vitality. The procedure by which this is done is known as parting. The main two iotas appropriate for fissioning are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutonium isotope Pu-239 (Outlaw Labs). Splitting happens when a neutron, a subatomic molecule with no electrical charge, strikes the core of one of these isotopes and makes it split separated. At the point when the core is part, a huge sum of vitality is delivered, and all the more free neutrons are additionally discharged. These neutrons at that point thus strike different molecules, which causes more vitality to be discharged. In the event that this procedure is rehashed, a self-supporting chain response will happen, and it is this chain response that causes the nuclear bomb to have its damaging force (World Book, 1990). This chain response can be accomplished in two unique manners. The primary sort of nuclear bomb at any point utilized was a weapon type. In this sort two subcritical bits of U-235 are put in a gadget like the barrel of an ordnance shell. One piece is set at one finish of the barrel and will stay there very still. The other subcritical mass is put at the opposite finish of the barrel. A regular unstable is pressed behind the se... Free Essays on Atomic Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki On August 6, 1945, with no admonishing, the United States utilized its monstrous, clear-cut advantage against Hiroshima, Japan. On August 6, 1945, the United States utilized its gigantic, unmistakable advantage against Hiroshima, Japan. What could be compared to 20,000 tons of TNT, smoothed the city, slaughtering a huge number of regular folks. While Japan was all the while attempting to appreciate this demolition three days after the fact, the United States struck once more, this time, on Nagasaki. Hiroshima Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., pilot of the ENOLA GAY, the plane that dropped the nuclear bomb on Hiroshima, waves from his cockpit before the departure, 6 August 1945. At 2:45 a.m. on Monday, August 6, 1945, a B-29 plane, the Enola Gay, took off from Tinian, a North Pacific island in the Marianas, 1,500 miles south of Japan. The twelve-man group (picture) were ready to ensure this mystery crucial easily. Colonel Paul Tibbets, the pilot, nicknamed the B-29 the Enola Gay after his mom. Not long before remove, the plane's epithet was painted on its side. The Enola Gay was a B-29 Superfortress (airplane 44-86292), some portion of the 509th Composite Group. So as to convey such a substantial burden as a nuclear bomb, the Enola Gay was adjusted: new propellers, more grounded motors, and quicker opening cargo openings. (Just fifteen B-29s experienced this change.) Even however it had been adjusted, the plane despite everything needed to utilize the full runway to pick up the vital speed, accordingly it didn't lift off until close to the water's edge.1 The Enola Gay was accompanied by two different aircraft which conveyed cameras and an assortment of estimating gadgets. Three different planes had left before so as to find out the climate conditions over the potential targets. On a snare in the roof of the plane, hung the ten-foot nuclear bomb, Young man. Navy Captain William S. Parsons (Deak), head of the Ordnance Division in the Manhattan Project, was the Enola Gay's we... Free Essays on Atomic Bomb Nuclear Bomb Examination of the Atomic Bomb Since the time the beginning of time man has discovered better approaches for killing one another. The most damaging method of murdering individuals known to man would need to be the nuclear bomb. The motivation behind why the nuclear bomb is so damaging is that when it is exploded, it has more than one impact. The impacts of the nuclear bomb are incredible to such an extent that Nikita Khrushchev said that the survivors would begrudge the dead (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 1982). These staggering physical impacts originate from the nuclear bomb’s impact, the nuclear bomb’s warm radiation, and the nuclear bomb’s atomic radiation. A nuclear bomb is any weapon that gets its dangerous force from a molecule. This force comes when the issue within the molecules is changed into vitality. The procedure by which this is done is known as parting. The main two particles appropriate for fissioning are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutoniu m isotope Pu-239 (OutlawLabs). Splitting happens when a neutron, a subatomic molecule with no electrical charge, strikes the core of one of these isotopes and makes it split separated. At the point when the core is part, a lot of vitality is delivered, and all the more free neutrons are additionally discharged. These neutrons at that point thus strike different molecules, which makes more vitality be discharged. On the off chance that this procedure is rehashed, a self-continuing chain response will happen, and it is this chain response that makes the nuclear bomb have its damaging force (World Book, 1990). This chain response can be accomplished in two unique manners. The primary sort of nuclear bomb at any point utilized was a firearm type. In this sort two subcritical bits of U-235 are set in a gadget like the barrel of a mounted guns shell. One piece is put toward one side of the barrel and will stay there very still. The other subcritical mass is put at the opposite finish of t he barrel. A

John D. Rockefeller Obsession Into Success Essays -

John D. Rockefeller: Obsession Into Success John D. Rockefeller, the Standard Oil head honcho who, when of his passing in 1937, was presumably worth near a billion dollars, is maybe extraordinary compared to other authentic instances of an over the top habitual. An over the top impulsive is one who is headed to a demonstration or acts, by and large being asocial, by his own obsessions yet naturally of his unconventional mind must offset these activities with others all the more socially worthy. There are plenteous instances of Rockefeller's deeds fitting these clinical attributes, and John D. Rockefeller is today for the most part viewed as an over the top enthusiastic. The foundations of this issue are discernible back to his youth. While quite a bit of Rockefeller's business history stays a puzzle today, it is obvious that quite a bit of his prosperity is owing to his fanatical enthusiastic issue. Franz Alexander and Louis B. Shapiro's portrayal of the fanatical enthusiastic issue from their book Neuroses, Behavior Disorders, also, Perversions0 is an every now and again utilized synopsis of the usually settled upon attributes. It states: Out and out instances of over the top enthusiastic states present a powerful harmony where over the top distraction with conscience outsider dreams... are unstably adjusted by customs speaking to an embellishment of social guidelines, for example, tidiness, dependability, thought for other people. The dynamic recipe is like accounting in which on the one side of record are the asocial propensities which the tolerant attempts to adjust definitely on the opposite side with moralistic and social mentalities... Each asocial move must be fixed by a contradicting one... The expression personality outsider alludes to considerations, feelings or material which are deliberately contemptible to the patient (however not he may not fundamentally be aware of the explanation). This outline is significant, and we will come back to it later. Rockefeller was conceived in 1839 and brought up in an upset, at that point broken, home. His dad, who sold quack snappy recuperate illness medications, was regularly away for quite a long time at once. Rockefeller was raised basically by his mother. In the long run his dad fulfilled a bigamous marriage with a high school Canadian and left Rockefeller and his mom and kin. At an early age, it became clear that youthful John was not exactly like different youngsters. For example, he stubbornly wouldn't play with other youngsters except if he could pick the game. In pretty much every depiction of him as a kid, he is frequently depicted as thinking. He wedded Laura Celestia Spelman, a young lady who was strikingly like his mom, which is never a decent sign; and when he chose to start a new business, he obtained $1000 from his dad at 10% intrigue. 10% was well above the going rate; Rockefeller's dad basically loansharked his child. Rockefeller was obviously upset by his youth; he consumed his ferocious business procedures from his shyster father, and sooner or later different impacts at a youthful age most likely started to build up his over the top enthusiastic issue. Sadly, scarcely any private records of his early life and family exist, so it is hard to pinpoint these impacts. Rockefeller appeared to put forth his fortune with barely any attempt; a brief layout is proper. Subsequent to dropping out of secondary school and serving a administrative apprenticeship, Rockefeller started a new business, shaping a produce house with one accomplice and $4,000 of capital between them. In its first year its gross pay was $450,000, with a net gain of $4,400-better than 100% return. In the wake of prospering through the Civil War blast, Rockefeller's organization purchased its first processing plant. Rockefeller soon surrendered his unique association to focus on the oil business. In 1870, with a capital of superior to one million dollars, Rockefeller transformed his organization as the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. Purchasing the methods to control creation from the littlest detail (he even fabricated his own barrels to set aside cash) Rockefeller before long figured out how to command the across the country oil showcase. In 1879 Standard Oil controlled 95 percent of oil creation in the United States. Like every single effective business of the time, Rockefeller's organization did a decent lot of unlawful managing; and keeping in mind that Standard Oil was maybe not very as warped as its rivals, it is in this reality that we see the first feature of Rockefeller as an over the top enthusiastic. While Rockefeller empowered illicit railroad discounts and even developed a couple of new ones (such as the downside, a minor departure from the payoff) he was a resolute churchgoer. He firmly disliked: smoking, drinking, card playing, moving, cheerfulness, wenching, theater going, show going, banqueting, lingering, associating when all is said in done and great partnership. He got away, no downtime. He didn't do anything in his limited quantity of leisure time with the exception of go to church a few times each week.

Vance, Cyrus Roberts

Vance, Cyrus Roberts Vance, Cyrus Roberts, 1917â€"2002, U.S. secretary of state (1977â€"80), b. Clarksburg, W.Va., grad. Yale (B.A., 1939, LL.B., 1942). After seeing action in the Navy during World War II, Vance practiced law, becoming a respected international lawyer. He entered government service as a Senate commiittee counsel in 1957. and later served in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations as secretary of the army (1961â€"62), deputy secretary of defense (1964â€"67), and U.S. negotiator to the Paris Peace Conference on the Vietnam War (1968â€"69). He also served as special envoy to Cyprus (1967) and Korea (1968). As President Carter 's secretary of state, Vance opposed the 1980 attempt to rescue the American hostages in Iran and resigned after the mission failed. He subsequently served on several diplomatic missions, in particular as head of United Nations' efforts to negotiate an end to the violence following the dissolution of Yugoslavia (1991â€"92). At various times Vance also served on the b oards of corporations, universities, foundations, and other organizations, and was chairman (1988â€"1990) of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. See his memoirs, Hard Choices (1983); study by D. S. McLellan (1985). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Technology and Todays Youth Essays - 2328 Words

Technology affects everyone! Whether positive or negative, we are all affected, how it manifests itself into problems for youth will be studied and debated for years. Balancing technology throughout the educational process and keeping with current trends and uses of technology will affect everyone. Technology has transformed our youth’s daily and social lives. How do we measure the effects of technology on our ability to socialize or have a successful social life? Socializing is not just talking face to face, it’s our ability to interact, learn, and create original thought. Technology hindering today’s youth and their ability to socialize is affecting their capacity to read, write, and communicate. Today’s youth depends on careful†¦show more content†¦Parents and educators have a daunting task of introducing technology that still inspires their creative thought process and social interaction in a way that transfers into everyday life. Forums and blogs argue technology has given children with disabilities and introverts the ability to learn through new technologies. This argument is limited to how these individuals learn and not how they do, once integrated into society. Social interaction in today’s youth is hindering factor due to increased use of technology. If we could find a way to sit at home and work and not interact in society, then they would be better off, but that is almost impossible. There will always be a need to interact within society to work, play, and live. Survey taken by 1280 people asks, â€Å"Does technology help students social skills, or hurt them? They concluded interruptions by email, social networks, text messaging and other software tools account for over half the distractions and individual faces on a daily basis. â€Å"In fact, 45% of employees work only 15 minutes or less without getting interrupted, and 53% waste at least one hour a day due to all types of distractions .†(edutopia.org) Study suggests the general concern of the negative aspects technology has the development of interpersonal skills, like listening, emotional intelligence and empathy. Children and young adults are easilyShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Effect On Youth1017 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology plays a large role in today’s youth. It is utilized in everyday life through school, work, and home. There are several different types of technology. Watching television, using a cellular device, playing video games, and using a computer make up some of the ways to utilize technology. Children and teens make up youth today. 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They are practically teaching the adults how to use technology, today’s youth has grown up with technology their wholeRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology On Youth1013 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s modern society, technology is commonly thought of as a necessity. This thought can mainly associate with the youth of today. Youth of today can be described as children, teenagers, and young adults living in this day and age. Children and young adults alike have only lived in a world run by technology in their lifetime. Youth depends on technology because they do not know how to live without it. Modern technolog y includes cell phones, lap tops, television, and many other devices. TechnologyRead MoreEssay on Violence is the Enemy of Today’s Youth902 Words   |  4 PagesChildren are dying, and too often parents don’t figure out what their child was involved in until it is too late. Today’s youth has an overwhelming burden to bear because of growing societal violence. When youth observes daily occurrences of violence, why society is so violent should not be the question, but how society can decrease youth violence should be what is scrutinize. The family dynamic has changed much in the last 40 years: with increased divorce, single parent households, and blended familiesRead MoreEssay on Violence is the Enemy of Today’s Youth884 Words   |  4 PagesViolence is the Enemy of Today’s Youth When a child observes daily occurrences of violence across: news broadcast, radio, and public incidences, why society is so violent should not be the question, but how society can decrease youth violence should be explored. Today’s youth has an overwhelming burden to bear. Violence has increased in society and youth often are exposed to situations that end in violent acts. The family dynamic has changed significantly in the last 40 years: with increased divorceRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On The Adolescent Brain Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesOverview Technology is everywhere. Americans are surrounded by it on a daily basis. Although, we seem to be fully immersed in the technological world, we really aren’t. Most Americans believe that they are knowledgeable when their actual knowledge of technology is limited. Specifically, today’s youth, ages eight to eighteen, use technology a staggering eleven and a half hours a day, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. â€Å"Their brains have become ‘wired’ to use their tech gadgets effectivelyRead MoreEssay on Technology Negatively Affects Children1180 Words   |  5 Pagesage. â€Å"Technology has blended in with daily activity to become a way of life and children today take for granted all of which is automated. It is hard for kids nowadays to imagine a world that existed without all of the gadgets, electronics and seamless operations that computer technology provides.† (3) â€Å"Children in the United States devote some 40 hours a week to televi sion, video games and the Internet.† (12) Many psychologists and researchers are concerned about the impact that technology has onRead MoreTechnologys Positive Effects on Modern Society and Education859 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause technology is everywhere: everything from eyeglasses to drinking glasses to cell phones and the Internet. Today’s world is swarming and buzzing with technology and is, consequently, shaping itself into a place quite different from the one in which today’s adults were raised. Technology has played a major role in the development of modern global culture, and is still continuing to make lasting effects on all people, particularly the youth. The application of cutting edge technology is the loomRead MoreGlobalization and Children708 Words   |  3 PagesTo what extent has globalization improved the lives of children and youth? To say that globalization has affected the lives of children and youth around the world would be an understatement. But with the growth over the years from globalization, many pros and cons have come out of it. The forthcoming of globalization has done wonders to developed countries, but not so much for underdeveloped countries. This is why I stand on a thin line between if it has improved the lives plenty, or not quite

Excello Commuminations - 1426 Words

Excello Communications Camille ORoarke ETH/376 September 15, 2014 Ding Hardin Excello Communications In the Excello Communications scenario, the CFO Terry Reed is faced with a dilemma. Sales have been dropping due to competition from overseas manufacturers. Mr. Reed’s concern with these reduced sales is the impact it will have on bonuses, stock options, and share prices. With a large order of $1.2 million placed on December 20, 2010 by Data Equipment Systems, Mr. Reed sees an opportunity to end the year with higher revenue than originally expected. The problem is that the customer has a stated contingency that the product is not delivered until January 11, 2011 as they do not have enough space in their warehouse to†¦show more content†¦Reasonable estimate of returns based on history. (www.accounting.answers.com, Sept.14, 2014) In this case, revenue cannot be recorded because all of the criteria is not met in regards to the return of the sale of goods. Even if it can be reasonable to assume that all six areas of this guideline was met, the ethicality behind the transaction remains; to falsify the earnings statement for the year ended 2010 in order to recognize higher earnings and maintain stock pricing, which goes along with the AICPA code of conduct regarding integrity. Section 54.02 states personal gain cannot override service to the public. Integrity cannot allow for deceit or subordinate of principle. (www.aicpa.org, sect. 54, Article III, Sept. 14, 2014) The third scenario suggested seems to be the most ethical and least questionable tactic. By offering a 10% discount to the buyer, Excello is reducing their total revenue on the sale but as long as the sale is completed, and the product delivered by December 31, 2010 the transaction can be recorded for the year ended 2010 without raising ethical issues. Discounts are not an uncommon occurrence in business, so by giving the buyer an opportunity to save some money on the cost of their purchase is a win-win scenario in this case. Although the original issue with receiving the order e arly was due to inventory space availability, the savings realized through the discount could

Strategic Analysis of HMV Free Essays

Introduction UK’s record industry is led by HMV records which had been suffering from slow growth and stagnant and declining profits for the last couple of years. HMV has for long earned its name in the record retail industry and has to continue to reap more profits in this industry and continue to lead but this can only be done successfully having fully audited the external and internal environment and assessing the strategic position of the company from the marketing management point of view (Cream Global, 2010). Although there is nothing wrong with the methods and tools of marketing and promotion the company is currently using, but there seems to be gap between the minds of the retailer and the minds of the consumers and difference of timings in strategy implementation which is causing a recent decline in sales in records (All Business, 2011b). We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis of HMV or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper conducts a strategic analysis of the company using PESTLE, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, and SWOT analysis to analyse its current position and recommend what it could do to improve its position by means of viable strategies and actions. Company Background History HMV (His Master’s Voice) is UK’s largest, oldest and most popular record retailer which has excelled in the industry, brought life in the entertainment it promised to its customers through continuous innovations and improvements in services throughout decades. It was originally started in London and now its operations and services reach far ends of the world. It has around 692 stores in Asia, Australia, US, Canada and Europe, where it specializes in selling CDs, DVDs and other forms of music products (Experian, 2010). It has made its services, marketing and promotion and the whole consumer purchase experience highly technologically enhanced whereby allowing customers to have a wholesome and enjoyable shopping experience (Design Council, 2010). HMV uses the ‘Dog and Trumpet’ technique in marketing and promotion of its brand by infusing the emotional attachment and flavor that has been entailed with its heritage. Having been visible in the retail scenario sin ce 1910 with its oldest store in Oxford Street, London, HMV has had a rich heritage no doubt and has had the opportunity to be the ‘first’ in many service offerings and practicing many new innovations, such as those that it is currently offering (Guardian, 2011a). Customers HMV’s customers include young and old and people of all ages and now that has had its services established worldwide it offers no geographical limit to its service offerings of entertainment and music. Markets, Products and Services HMV is a big part of the music industry selling records, DVDs and CDs. It has recently began to sell fashion products, gadgets as well as books. It has a key presence in the music and entertainment industry both in the offline and online channels. It currently operates in major geographic markets in Asia, Europe and the US. Performance Its recorded pre-tax profits faced an 18 per cent increase in April 2010 making its profits for the year to be ?74.2 million ($111 million). It has a chain of 692 stores worldwide (Billboard Biz, 2011; (Guardian, 2011b). PESTLE Analysis Political Political influence for HMV’s external environment and the record industry is in the form of actions towards piracy and unauthorized access to music online. Where some politicians ignore the menace, some take actions and this influences sales tremendously. Economic The availability of free music online has changed the industry dramatically causing sales to fall and retailers to cut down on prices (Konverge, 2010). The entire industry has faced a downfall in sales of the major competition given by large entertainment companies and leisure companies which are offering substitute products such as iMusic (Inside Retailing, 2010). But the demand for music exists nonetheless but the market has become extremely tough for brick and mortar high street music and video retailers who are still glued to conventional store designs and products (Guardian, 2011a). Social The decline in sales has forced record companies to consider downsizing which has raised a lot of social concerns. People in search for cheaper prices and in fact free of cost songs are ignoring the menace of piracy and are unaware that some of the websites are selling the songs unethically and they have unauthorized access to the music they sell from major record companies. Thus, the companies are continually engaged in increasing awareness regarding piracy (Konverge, 2010). This young generation has access to internet and is aware of the opportunities to find cheaper and free music online from music stores, thus, has created a large demand for technologically enhanced and internet based business and sales of record. HMV and other record retailers alike have been forced to analyse this market for its preferences are much different than the earlier consumers they had (Guardian, 2010). New and emerging rap artists and other alternative musicians have brought foul and street language into music and they are selling records at a large level which is changing the entire music industry and influencing teenagers and children tremendously. Technological E-commerce requires cut-throat innovative and prompt strategies on part of the businesses like HMV to stay on top and offers a limitless pool of opportunities to do so. Such as the e-marketing tools of emails and online advertisements that HMV has been making good use of (Telegraph, 2010). Doing business online means using a low price model which means lower profit margins for record retailers (Bright Club, 2010b). Technology also has given way to piracy and unauthorized websites who sell music and CDs illegally and has drawn major concerns for many retailers as this is forcing their sales down even on the internet (The Daily Swarm, 2010). Legal Recent developments in the laws for illegal sale of music online and offline has given the record retailers some relief as the law enforcement agencies take hold of the matter but still actions are limited and there are many illegal sellers available online despite of the law. Environmental Record retailers have minimum influence from the environment. Environmental changes have influenced the packaging of CDs and now that the selling is done online and the music is transferred electronically fewer environmental hazards take place which keeps the record retailers off the hook (The Times 100, 2010). But engaging in green groups could be an added advantage for HMV as music companies continue to engage themselves for peace concerts as it creates goodwill for the company and a positive image in the minds of the consumers which lasts a long time. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Level of Competition The record sales have been recently suffering a serious decline. The market is largely occupied with aggressive competitors who are engaged in a price cutting war. The main rivals of HMV are other entertainment business which is largely expanding their businesses in diverse directions such as Virgin Megastores, and other independent shops. The leisure businesses and super markets are also HMV’s competitors which are driving consumers’ taste to other directions especially in seasons like Christmas or winters, as recorded by HMV’s marketing researches. Online music stores which are offering customers mp3 songs for free are also causing HMV and other major record retailers to consider lowering their prices down and enter into online selling and online stores and further enhance their e-marketing and promotional activities. Bargaining Power of Buyers Bargaining power of buyers is high. The recent technological advancements and internet revolution which have brought about the information age to its highest level, the power that record retailers attained previously have now had to lose it to consumers at a tremendous pace. Threat of New Entrants The whole record retail industry is changing and moving towards its online counterparts, thus, it does not seem like a fruitful industry to enter considering the brick and mortar store format which is largely becoming extinct. Online music selling presents a good opportunity for music record retailers as the future holds growth in this area but not for the physical brick and mortar store formats. There are fewer barriers to entry in this industry but having a strong brand image and recognition like that of HMV and iTunes is an added advantage (Billboard Biz, 2011). Bargaining Power of Suppliers There is low bargaining power of suppliers as large record retailers who lead the market set their own standards and prices and thus, control the cost of suppliers. Threat of Substitute Products or Services With the advent of technology and internet new forms of entertainment in music are gaining internet and attention of the consumers such as music in mp3 format available online for free as opposed to CDs and DVDs which were previously hit sellers. Music is being made available in more compact forms for the ease of the consumers and the retailers have to make sure they continually improve their service offerings to fit the changing tastes of the consumers. SWOT Analysis Strengths HMV is a market leader in the music and record retail industry of UK. It has such a strong brand positioning and recognition that it can easily compete with US’s iTunes if it incorporates more ecommerce strategies into its operations (Billboard Biz, 2011). HMV has entered in to diversified portfolios and ventured into emerging and growing geographic markets such as in Asia, US, Australia and other parts of Europe and other entertainment and leisure markets such as fashion, cinema and books. This has expanded its customer share. HMV has launched its website operations whereby online purchasing, gaming and ticketing takes place allowing customers to shop with ease and enjoy doing so with maximum contact with the company (The Times 100, 2010). HMV effectively relies on e-marketing strategies to interact with customers online via email specifically. This promotional campaign has increased the click rate by 600 percent resulting in 765 per cent more transactions on the online store of HMV (Guardian, 2011a). HMV’s acquisition of Mama Group has also enabled it to get a strong hold in the entertainment industry in the UK as consequential to this the share price of HMV rose tremendously. Weaknesses The biggest dilemma facing HMV is to encourage customers to still purchase from its brick and mortar stores. Customers are less convinced to do so as they find it easier, better and cheaper to purchase the same music online (Billboard Biz, 2011). Sales went down 2.4 per cent in the last 12 months, though profits are being attainted, which is a signal that there is a large audience still looking for entertainment which can be addressed through the cinema and other forms of live entertainment and the music selling can be shifted to online counterparts for enhanced profitability in future (Guardian, 2010). Opportunities Having opened up its website operations, book store and cinemas across London, HMV is expecting a noticeably large increase in sales in the coming session in 2010. Currently its sales total ?8.1 million ($12.1 million) coupled with an operating loss of ?200,000 (-$300,000) after having taken over Mama Group. This shows clear signs of growth for the company in future (Billboard Biz, 2011). Expanding into the niche market segment of health and fitness DVDs via the online channel is also another viable opportunity. Technology has advanced at a tremendous level and rate and has created new directions and opportunities for businesses through which they are revolutionizing their performance, quality of services and customer relationships (Telegraph, 2010). HMV has the opportunity to make its services more enhanced using internet by offering downloadable TV and film selling online (Bright Club, 2010a). Entering into the cinema industry has also its great advantages that are open to HMV. The cinema industry is booming in UK and the numbers are off the charts. Based on UK Film Council’s calculations, the cinema sales have risen from 3.5% to ?850m, which only indicate a great growth potential for HMV in this area (Guardian, 2010). Threats There is cut throat competition for HMV from leisure companies, entertainment companies and from supermarkets. Along with that the consumers’ preferences are changing much too fast to get a grip on but the online orientation of customers is here to stay for some good time which can be made use of effectively. Piracy and unauthorized selling of music online and offline is vastly destroying sales of records for independent record retailers like HMV for which quite less action can be seen. The entire UK record industry is currently facing a massive decline of sales and that is partly because of consumers’ demand for free music and the massive spread of pirated music industry which is growing day by day. Strategic Recommendations Ansoff Matrix Based on the Ansoff Matrix, the following viable strategic directions are open for HMV considering the present situation in the external market and the internal resources of the company (Kotler and Keller, 2005). Market Development Taking on the market development strategy, HMV’s most prospective profitable avenue is the online marketing channel. The company can enter into new geographic and product markets for records and DVDs via the online channel. Expanding into the niche market segment of health and fitness DVDs via the online channel is also another viable opportunity within the internet music retail industry that can allow the company to expand its customer share globally (All Business, 2011a). Entering into new geographic markets such as Japan and other parts of East Asia are also options for HMV. However, in order to profitability penetrate in these markets, innovation is required on part of the company. Product Development Product development is another strategic direction. HMV can make its services more enhanced using internet by offering downloadable TV and film selling online. Diversification HMV as an extension to book selling can introduce e-books to its online store allowing the retailer to diversify into e-tailing of e-books. Conclusion HMV (His Master’s Voice) is UK’s largest, oldest and most popular record retailer which has excelled in the industry. It has around 692 stores in Asia, Australia, US, Canada and Europe, where it specializes in selling CDs, DVDs and other forms of music products. It has made its services, marketing and promotion and the whole consumer purchase experience highly technologically enhanced whereby allowing customers to have a wholesome and enjoyable shopping experience. HMV uses the ‘Dog and Trumpet’ technique in marketing and promotion of its brand by infusing the emotional attachment and flavor that has been entailed with its heritage. HMV’s customers include young and old and people of all ages and now that has had its services established worldwide it offers no geographical limit to its service offerings of entertainment and music. But being the oldest and strongest in the market does not spare HMV from the forces of the external environment. The industry is changing rather dramatically owing to technological changes and shift of consumer preferences towards more free and more online music availability. This has caused sales to fall and has forced the record retailers to cut down prices. Owing to technological changes and the advent of internet consumer preferences are fast changing and they prefer cheaper and freely downloadable music online. For this reason sales have gone down and the retailers in the industry have had to cut prices to cope up. Other than this, other entertainment markets have been growing giving an opportunity to HMV to expand its operations and offer a complete entertainment package. Such has been evident in its recent venture into cinema industry and fashion industry which are largely being accepted and favored by its existing and potential customers (Billboard Biz). To give customers an enjoyable experience HMV offers live gaming, Tshirts, and other souvenirs in the stores to make them return home smiling. Asian markets have been growing considerably high over the last years and HMV in Japan is facing a tremendously high profitable quarter. They have to maintain demand of their CDs and DVDs through lowering the prices, and also at the same time investing in online selling to attract consumers there. The entire industry has faced a downfall in sales and this is not because of the worldwide economic crunch but it is primarily because of the major competition given by large entertainment companies and leisure companies who are offering substitute products to consumers that they are happily purchasing to replace CDs and DVDs that HMV has been selling for years (Guardian, 2010). Though its recorded pre-tax profits faced an 18 per cent increase in April 2010 making its profits for the year to be ?74.2 million, it still needs to increase its sales of records, and if going online completely for that purpose is the solution left so be it (Billboard Biz, 2011). Technology has advanced at a tremendous level and rate and has created new directions and opportunities for businesses through which they are revolutionizing their perform ance, quality of services and customer relationships. Doing business online means using a low price model initially. As sales have went down as customers seek better and cheaper offers, free or cheaper music has to be made available online for HMV’s customers to enjoy and to develop strong loyalty. Other than online shopping from HMV, it is currently engaging in allowing MP3 to be made available in store where customers can download there and then straight away for those who do not have access to internet. In this regard, HMV stands as an innovator. HMV also has the opportunity to make its services more enhanced using internet by offering downloadable TV and film selling online and continue using e-marketing tools to attain and retain customers. Taking into account the findings of the analysis, the most viable strategic option for HMV is market development. Most prospective profitable avenue is the online marketing channel. The company can enter into new geographic and product markets for records and DVDs via the online channel. Entering into new geographic markets such as Japan and other parts of East Asia are also options for HMV. However, in order to profitability penetrate in these markets, innovation is required on part of the company. References All Business. (2011a). HMV. Available at http://www.allbusiness.com. Accessed 3 July 2012. All Business. (2011b). Waterstone’s HMV. Available at http://www.allbusiness.com. Accessed 3 July 2012. Billboard Biz. (2011). HMV recorded rise in Sales. Available at http://www.billboard.biz. Accessed 3 July 2012. Bright Club. (2010a). Benefits and Drawbacks of E-Commerce: Case Study of HMV. Available at http://www.brighthub.com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/50145.aspx?p=2. Accessed 4 July 2012. Bright Club. (2010b). HMV Case Study: Development of Ecommerce Strategy. Available at http://www.brighthub.com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/50145.aspx?p=2. Accessed 4 July 2012. Cream Global. (2010). HMV Case Study: The Value Long Tail. Available at http://www.creamglobal.com/search/17798/18337/the-high-value-long-tail/ Accessed 4 July 2012. Design Council. (2010). Designs to Overcome a Downturn: Case Study of HMV. Available at http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/Case-studies/Designs-to-overcome-a-downturn/HMV-Group/ Accessed 3 July 2012. Experian. (2010). HMV Case Study. Available at http://www.experian.co.uk/assets/resources/case-studies/HMV_V4.pdf Accessed 4 July 2012. Guardian. (2010). HMV Waterstones Trading. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/jun/30/hmv-waterstones-trading. Accessed 4 July 2012. Guardian. (2011a). HMV Group. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/. Accessed July 2012 Guardian. (2011b). HMV Curzon Artificial Eye Cinemas. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/business. Accessed 4 July 2012. Inside Retailing. (2010). HMV UK Music to the Eyes. Available at http://www.insideretailing.com.au/Latest/tabid/53/ID/8073/HMV-UK-Music-to-the-eyes.aspx. Accessed 3 July 2012. Konverge. (2010). HMV Case Study. Available at http://www.konverge.com/pdf/HMV_cs.pdf. Accessed 4 July 2012. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. (2005). Marketing Management. Prentice Hall. The Daily Swarm. (2010). Enlarging Music Retails Product Base HMV. Available at http://www.thedailyswarm.com/headlines/enlarging-music-retails-product-base-hmvs-profits-18-live-venues-ticketing-dvds-tech-fashion/ Accessed 3 July 2012. The Times 100. (2010). Case Study: HMV Building on Brand. Accessed 4 July 2012. http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-study–building-on-brand–24-23-3.php Telegraph. (2010). HMV set for Fashion Roll Out as Sales Fall. Available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/epic/hmv/7650267/HMV-set-for-fashion-roll-out-as-UK-sales-fall.html. Accessed 4 July 2012. How to cite Strategic Analysis of HMV, Essay examples

Reconstruction4 Essay Example For Students

Reconstruction4 Essay After the Civil War ended, President Lincoln was faced with the task of rejoining a Union which was thriving less than fifty years earlier. In 1863 to achieve this goal, Lincoln introduced his restoration plan to the country. During this time of Reconstruction many compromises were made in order to bring the south into American society once more, while incorporating the needs of the newly emancipated slaves. Although Lincoln was very helpful in trying to join the north and south, he was assassinated before and his successor, Andrew Johnson disliked by the majority of the nation, could not follow through with its ideals. During this time, ex-slaves were trying to integrate into the new American economy and society. Throughout the course of the twelve year period of Reconstruction, black Americans made significant gains in their struggle for equal rights. Because of the lack of attention and the unfair manner Johnson treated the North, all who opposed him aided black Americans in their goal for economic and social equality of opportunity. President Lincolns announcement of restoration plans for the country began with what he called his 10% plan. He proposed an exculpation for Confederate citizens, not including high-ranking officials, who agreed to take an oath pledging their loyalty to the Union and accept all the Unions wartime acts and proclamations concerning to slavery. Once 10% of any confederate state took that oath, those specific individuals would be then allowed to organize a new state government. During this time congress was made up of the radical republicans, the moderate republicans, and the democrats. The radical republicans wanted none of the leaders of the Confederacy to come to power in the South, and wanted the establishment of the republican party as the national party. They also demanded that the federal government should ensure civil rights for the ex-slaves. The moderate Republicans agreed with the radicals mostly, but were not confident about full equality for black Americans. The last group, t he democrats who wanted the South to be integrated into the new American society with as little restrictions as possible. As a result of these very intense differences across party lines republicans and democrats did not get along well at all. But because of Lincolns 10% plan, Northerners and Southerners alike were able to compromise on a suitable way to unite the country, even though no party was fully satisfied with Lincolns plan. As negotiations progressed, the South was integrated into the North quicker and the political parties were willing to compromise for that time, but on April 4, 1865, President Lincoln was shot in the head at Fords Theater in Washington, by a unstable actor named John Wilkes Booth. Immediately after Lincolns death, his Vice President Andrew Johnson, a democrat, was sworn into office. Andrew Johnson introduced Presidential Reconstruction to the nation. He provided pardons and returns of all property except slaves to almost all southerners if they took an oath to of allegiance to the Union. Rich southerners and high-ranking confederates who personally apologized to him were also given amnesty. Eventually all confederates met Johnsons demands and by 1865 all the Southern states had active governments. Johnsons lenient behavior caused him to lose the support of the radical republicans and eventually the moderate republicans began to the side of the radicals. Johnson alienated more members of congress as he vetoed acts passed. One act, for example, the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which started that all men, including blacks, can vote for state constitutional conventions to improve the fourteenth amendment. Since congress would allow southern states to come into the Union only if they ratified the fourteenth amendment, congress had seen enough. At this point, both the moderate and radical republicans took control of congress and announced the Tenure of Office Act. This act prohibited Johnson from firing any cabinet officials. Johnson did not take this new act seriously and challenged congress by firing an radical republican, Stanton. Once congress heard of this, they immediately impeached President Johnson. Chief Justice Chase presided over the trial and he came to the conclusion that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional. Only because of some very important Supreme Court decisions Johnson was not removed from office. .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .postImageUrl , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:hover , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:visited , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:active { border:0!important; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:active , .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91 .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucaa2ef060873ddb471c34f96aef35d91:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Jungle (1334 words) EssayIn the midst

How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies Essay Example

How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies? Essay In the study of 20th-century history there can be no foreign policys more influential to the geo-political map than those of Hitler and Stalin. As the autocratic leaders of Germany and Russia, both of which were potential superpowers, the power wielded by them, in their own country and on the world stage, shaped the development of Europe in the last century The period specified in the question has obviously not been selected at random, as January 30th 1933 saw Hitler become Chancellor of Germany, heralding the dawn of the Third Reich and by the end of 1941Germany was at war with Russia and had just declared war on the United States of America. Stalin had seen his former ally invade Russia and had consequently transferred his countrys allegiance to reconvene the allies of the First World War. In discussion of the question posed, this essay will first explore the positions of Hitler and Stalin in 1933 and the circumstances that had formed these positions. It will then move onto the aims and ideologies of the two leaders within the timeframe of 1933 to 1939. The years of 1939 to 1941 will be discussed as a period, as the two leaders foreign policies became entwined before violently diverging. We will write a custom essay sample on How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How far did both Hitler and Stalin have consistent foreign policies? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to the Pocket Oxford Dictionary the adjective consistent is defined as, compatible or in harmony or alternatively, constant to the same principles. Using these definitions in the study of the two leaders foreign policies a theme emerges, this theme is based in the contrast between the rigid ideologies of Hitler and Stalin, set against their personal pragmatism and opportunism in the short-term pursuit of their ideological goals. Due to the evolutionary nature of foreign policy, it is important to look at earlier factors, before studying the period stipulated by the question. The first of these is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed on the third of March 1918, which extracted Bolshevik Russia from the First World War. It was entered into by the Russians in order to consolidate the revolutionary government and in signing it Russia capitulated to Germany. It represented a trade-off between time against land and proved expensive for Russia, as she surrendered all the territories gained since the 16th century, including Finland, the Ukraine and the Polish and Baltic territories, in total one million square kilometres and one-third of her population. These terms would be remembered by the Russian government and in particular Stalin in later years. The Treaty of Versailles was condemned for its se verity, however the terms imposed on Russia by the Brest-Litovsk Treaty were far harsher. The Treaty of Versailles, signed on 28th of June 1919, brought the First World War to an end. The German delegation to the peace conference set out, in the firm belief that the settlement would be a negotiated one. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 27). This was not to be; under threat of Allied invasion the German representatives were forced to cede to the allies and submit to terms of a diktat. The German view of the armistice as a truce was dismissed by article 231, The War Guilt Clause, which laid the blame for World War One on Germany. In order to settle this account with the allies an eighth of German European territory was divided up and given to France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland and Czechoslovakia. The loss of the port of Danzig, as it became a free city under the newly formed League of Nations, and the corridor which linked it to Poland particularly rankled with Germany, nationalists referring to it as the open wound in the east. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 2). Union with Austria was forbidden, the Rhineland was demilitarised and the Saar basin was placed under international control, resulting in the loss of its iron and steel industry. In conjunction with The War Guilt Clause reparations were demanded from Germany totalling 132 billion gold marks, with a payment plan stretching to 1988. There were also strict limitations imposed on Germanys armed forces, including the numbers retained, a ban on conscription, limitations of ships tonnage and the banning of all aircraft, airships and submarines. Her borders were also redrawn resulting in 13% of the German population being marooned beyond the original German borders, making them ethnic minorities of their new countries. The treaty was neither conciliatory nor crushing in its treatment of Germany, producing a vengeful Germany (The Origins of the Second World War. A W. Perdue, page 13), bitter at her treatment by the allies, It was this profound sense of injustice that infused all Germanys foreign policy during the years that followed. (The Road To War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 28). Two other treaties, which had a bearing on later foreign policy, were the Rappallo Treaty of April 1922 and the Locarno Treaty of December 1925. Rapallo is significant as it signalled the re-emergence of the signatories, Russia and Germany, from the wilderness of defeat and revolution back to the political stage. The importance of the Locarno Treaty is drawn from its ability to please all parties involved, including a German delegation. Among its stipulations was that Germany should be accepted into the League of Nations, this helped to encourage the feeling that the Germans were now treated as equals, not the defeated enemy (The Origins of the Second World War. AJP Taylor, page 83). Hitler became Chancellor Germany on January 30th 1933, in a period of economic decline he offered bread and work whilst stirring up old feelings of bitterness against the victors of World War One coupled with reminders of Germanys period of humiliation. At the time of his ascension to power Hitlers aims and ideology can be divided into five areas, the first and most immediate of which was for Germany to become a great power again. This was a broad aim encompassing economic restructure and growth, rearmament and the acceptance by the German people of the Nazi ideology of Social Darwinism and the concept of the Aryan Master race. The second aim was the reversion of the Versailles Treaty, important as it symbolised all that was negative in recent German history and, by its conditions, it restricted the countrys growth and separated her people. Hitlers concept of lebensraum, or living space, had been sketched out in Mein Kampf eight years before and was an integral element of his plans f or Germany to become a world power, without space Germany would decline however strong her racial stock (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 44). His fourth aim was closely associated with the lebensraums expansion eastwards, as it was the destruction of communism. The ideologies of fascism and communism were diametrically opposed and Hitler also believed that Bolshevik Russia was part of the Jewish world conspiracy. Settlement of the Jewish problem is the last of the five aims and it can be seen that it runs in harmony with Hitlers views concerning racial purity, lebensraum and the destruction of communism. Although Hitlers aims remained consistent from the 1920s throughout, during his early years in power priority was given to the rebuilding of Germany economically, as he needed to consolidate his partys political power and without a strong base Germany would be unable to pursue any of his further aims in foreign policy. During the years of economic recovery and political stabilisation German foreign policy remained restrained and circumspect. (The Road To War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 39). Openly speeches were made on the revisionist policies towards Versailles, always tempered with talk of peace and allies, whilst in private, although vague, Hitler spoke of conquest in the east, Germanisation, rearmament and the annulment of Versailles. In line with his future plans for Germany Hitlers first steps into foreign policy withdrew Germany from the disarmament conference and the League of Nations, on the grounds of parity in arms. His consistent anti-Soviet rhetoric severely damaged rela tions with Russia formed by the Rappallo treaty, which was eventually destroyed by Germanys non-aggression pact with Poland, signed in January 1934. This was the first of a number of pacts signed to prevent Soviet attempts at collective security and was an example of long-term ideological goals, i.e. lebensraum, being pursued at the expense of frontier revision. It seemed to be an about face in policy and was unpopular as Poland held large areas of land, formally part of Germany, but to Hitler it was an important buffer between Germany and Soviet Russia. By 1936 both Hitlers and the Nazis power had been consolidated, Germanys economy was in a much stronger position and a strident rearmament program had just begun. Coupled with Germanys secure foundation was Britain and Frances desire to uphold peace in Europe above all else, demonstrated by their uncoordinated and weak response to Italys attack on Ethiopia in 1935. Sensing an opportunity, presented by the preoccupation of international politics with the Abyssinian crisis, Hitler decided to restore full German sovereignty to the Rhineland. Even though this action violated both the treatys of Versailles and Locarno the gamble paid off, as it provoked only verbal protests from the British and French governmen ts. Fuelled by his success, the initiative in German foreign policy from 1936 passed to Hitler embarked on an active and aggressive pursuit of his goals, prompted by the opportunities presented by a failing League of Nations and Britain and Frances weakness due to economic crisis, and political instability. There was also an underlying feeling in Europe that some revision of Versailles was necessary and the fear of a second war in thirty years amongst the British and French politicians weakened their position. For Hitler a war was inevitable if Germany was to realise her potential and his plans, it was only the timing that was flexible, as in his view war was a necessity, a natural outcome of the competition between races. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 45). With the knowledge of Germanys limits and the rest of Europes fears Hitler was astute enough to recognise, the role of circumstances and opportunity in international affairs. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 45). This consistency in ideological aims pursued by flexible opportunism in foreign policy would become a hallmark for Hitlers actions throughout the period 1933 to 1941. On the fifth of November 1937 an infamous meeting took place, during which Hitler outlined his immediate plans to his commanders-in-chief. These included the annexation of Austria, the destruction of Czechoslovakia, the gain of European lebensraum and a major conflict with the great powers, to occur no later than 1943/45. The authenticity of the document which recorded this meeting, known as the Hossbach memorandum, has been disputed, but even if it is not entirely accurate it is still a testament to the consistency of Hitlers ideological goals. The achievement of these goals through the opportunist application of foreign policy was also consistent as Austria was marked out to become a province of the Third Reich, an objective he had stated on page one of Mein Kampf fourteen years before. (Hitler and Stalin Parallel Lives. Bullock, page 617). The Anschlus was achieved in March 1938 by a mixture of political chicanery and Nazi bullyboy tactics employed against Austrias politicians. Austro-German unity was specifically forbidden under the terms of the treaty of Versailles, but again the action only provoked verbal chastisement. The previous year Eden had told Ribbentrop people in England recognised that a close connection between Germany and Austria would have to come at some time. (Europe 1880 to 1945. Roberts, page 427). Buoyed by the ease of his success, achieved under the pretext of uniting the German people, liberation of the three and a quarter million Germans of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia became the next item on Hitlers foreign policy agenda. Originally Czechoslovakia was the goal but Hitler settled for the Sudetenland at the Munich conference, mainly because he could not be sure of the Soviet response if he used force and the possibility of war on two fronts, a repeat of a major World War One mistake, was to be avoided at all costs. Even though Britain and France stood their ground against Germanys use of force and saw it as a victory, peace in our time, Hitler had again collected the spoils of war without a fight. The appeasement policy of Britain and France at Munich showed a further extent to their weakness to him, which he intended to exploit further in 1939. A search for security against Nazi aggression and expansion was the great continuity in Soviet policy from 1933-41, not a quest for alliance with the future enemy. (The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War. G. Roberts, page 4). Nevertheless Soviet Russias alliance with Nazi Germany was the result of Stalins pursuit of his aims and foreign policy of the 1930s. In 1933 Stalins aims bore more than a passing resemblance to Hitlers, the most constant and overriding of which was to maintain the security of the Soviet nation. This concern bordered on paranoia at times, but it was understandable to a degree, as Soviet Russia was the only communist country, with a completely different ideology in a capitalist world. There were advantages to this ideological isolation as Stalin had been able to carry out the rebuilding of the country without worrying too much about foreign policy or events outside his borders. There is no doubt that another of Stalins aims was for Russia to become a great world power, if only to reflect his own personal success and the success of communism as a practical ideology. Coupled with this aim was the reversion of the Brest-Litovsk treaty, which had deprived Russia of land, and resources. Once established as world power opportunities may arise to reclaim the lost territories. The rise of fascism in the twenties and thirties and its condemnation of communism made it a threat to Russian security, therefore its containment and defeat was an aim, as the security of the nation was paramount. Finally, the aim to spread world communism was a stated objective of communist ideology; the initial hope that the 1917 revolution would spark others had not occurred, but this ideologica l objective remained a constant factor in Soviet foreign policy. Stalins foreign policy throughout the 1930s can be seen as a complex balancing act, whereby he endeavoured to maintain Russias semi-isolated stance but was prepared to be more involved in world and European politics in order to maintain the balance of power in Europe and thereby safeguard Soviet interests. The ideological differences between Soviet Russia and the other countries of Europe always meant that Stalin was suspicious of their motives, his view regarding any dealings with capitalist countries was that they were to be entered into with a healthy mistrust. By the end of 1933 Hitler and the Nazi partys publicly stated anti-communist stance had prompted Soviet Russia to embark on the foreign policy of collective security, i.e. to the construction of a system of alliances with other states designed to curb Nazi aggression and expansionism. (The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War. Bullock, page 47). The first evidence of this policy was the Soviet entry into the League of Nations in September 1934. Russias policy of collective security from 1933-39 was based in a belief that the imperialist nations had divided into two camps, the aggressive containing Germany, Japan and Italy and the democratic with Britain, France and the United States of America as members. As it was the aggressive camp that threatened Soviet security, Russias interests became aligned with those of the democratic camp. For Stalin there was a concern over alliance with the democratic countries, as in their future efforts to avoid a war they may steer the aggressive alliance eastwards towards Russia. A situation that would leave her alone to fight their war, should they renegade on their collect ive security responsibilities. In an effort to counter this problem Stalins foreign policy was to hedge his bets by maintaining efforts to improve German/Soviet relations while signing non-aggression pacts, containing little or no Russian commitment to assistance in the event of war. The period of appeasement by France and Britain and their hidden agenda of directing the aggressive powers eastwards did nothing to quell Stalins fears over the failure of collective security. Although powerless to prevent either the remilitarisation of the Rhineland or the Anschlus of Austria, both Russia and France had commitments to Czechoslovakia through mutual assistance treaties. The noncommittal French response to Soviet enquiries regarding a combined action in defence of Czechoslovakia from Germany and the subsequent betrayal of the country at Munich signalled to Stalin that his fears over collective security were likely to be realised. From the Soviet point of view, the Munich crisis presented the last chance to stop Hitler without all-out war, although collective security, as a policy was not formally abandoned after Munich, Soviet foreign policy was now directed to finding a war fighting alliance. Collective security was superseded by strategy of collective defence. (The Unholy Alliance. G. Roberts, page 93). In order to maintain his long-term goals Stalins ideology would be required to be flexible. The period of 1939-41 is dominated, in terms of Hitler and Stalins foreign policy, by the formation and dissolution of the German/Russian Non-Aggression Pact, signed on the 23rd of August 1939. Initially, the notion of a pact between these two opposed ideologies, publicly committed to the eradication of one another, seemed improbable at the least. Therefore the pacts existence stands as testimony to the pragmatism of both Hitler and Stalin, both of whom had never dismissed the possibility and thereby compromised their respective ideologies with practical foreign policies. The Soviet choice in August 39 was a rational, even predictable one. It was avowedly opportunistic but Stalin had never pretended that soviet foreign policy was anything else. (The Road to War. Overy and Wheatcroft, page 246). Stalins decision to enter into a pact with his ideological enemy was based on the following reasoning. The failure of collective security, still pursued by the Soviet Union until the middle of August 39, in the face of British time wasting and the Polish refusal to grant passage to Red Army troops, enabling them to advance on Germany. Even if a settlement could be reached with Britain and France what could they offer Stalin? At best, the hostility of Germany and at worst involvement in a European war, their preparations for which appeared inadequate and based on defensive rather than aggressive tactics, neither of these facts gave Stalin any confidence in their proposals. Another factor was the fear that Britain and France would abandon the Soviet Union in a combined stand against the imminent German action against Poland. The appeasement policy may be used to encourage Germanys interests eastwards, so in signing the pact both of these threats were removed, even if, with regard to Germanys interest in the east, the respite was temporary. During the hasty negotiations Stalin also managed to obtain German guarantees on a Soviet sphere of influence i n the Baltic States, Finland and eastern territories of Poland, detailed in a secret additional protocol to the pact, revising the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. For Hitler, the most immediate reason for the forming of the pact lay in the premise that without Soviet support Britain and France would not take military action against him when his plan for Poland was executed. It would also remove the possibility of a two front war, for which he did not have sufficient resources, however lebensraum and the destruction of communism could be pursued again, once the threat from Britain and France had been neutralised. Any chance of an encirclement of Germany by Allied countries would be thwarted and the psychologically damaging revival of First World War entente between Britain, France and Russia could not returned to haunt him. Safe in the knowledge that he had tamed Stalin and the non-aggression pact was signed and sealed Hitlers forces invaded Poland on the first of September 1939. Originally planned for 26th of August the invasion was put back until the pact with Stalin was complete, such was its significance. This time verbal protests were followed by an ultimatum, and on the third of September Britain and France declared war on Germany, an act that surprised Hitler who had expected appeasement, as before. The pacts lifespan was less than two years, destroyed by Hitlers invasion of Russia on the 22nd June 1941. Named Operation Barbarossa, it signalled the return of Hitler to his ideology demonstrated by foreign policy. In the last six months of the pact Stalin had tried to extend the Soviet sphere of influence to the Balkans, making demands on Germany, mistakenly in the belief that Hitler needed him more than he needed Hitler. The demands were read as threatening and only added to the list of reasons for the implementation of Operation Barbarrossa. These included, Hitlers theory that Soviet or American intervention was seen as a prop for Britain which she may have been holding out for, therefore the destruction of Russia removed one of these props and would allow Japan freedom to concentrate on America. Other factors were lebensraum, racial and political hatred, and Hitler was also worried that once Britain was defeated he would be incapable of rousing the German people to fight Russia . Hitler had rationalised the two front war, something that his foreign policy had previously been consistent in its avoidance of. Although wary of using the term alliance, Churchill immediately agreed to fight alongside Stalin, paving the way to the rekindling of the World War One entente between Britain, France and Russia. Hitlers last significant act of foreign policy before the end of 1941 was the declaration of war on the United States of America on the 11th of December. It came four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour and initially the decision may be seen as an act of hubris. To Hitler, the declaration was seen as an opportunity to formalise the state of relations already in existence with America, due to her support of Britain, whilst retaining the advantage of control of the situation. As von Ribbentrop told Weizsacker at the time, A great power doesnt let itself have war declared on it, it declares war itself. (Hitler Nemesis. Ian Kershaw, page 446). A revised tripartite pact tied Germany to war with the USA, as a partner of Japan, so after Japans declaration of war it was therefore inevitable. Hitlers miscalculation lay in the presumption that Japan would reciprocate and declare war on Britain and that the USA would concentrate her efforts, and underestimated resources, in the Paci fic rather than Europe. The decision to declare war on the USA was both pragmatic and opportunistic although it had no foundation in Hitlers original ideology making it a departure from the consistent decision-making process he had previously employed.

Bust, Burst, and Arrest

Bust, Burst, and Arrest Bust, Burst, and Arrest Bust, Burst, and Arrest By Maeve Maddox Yes, I know that just about everyone uses the word bust as a noun to mean arrest and as a verb to mean arrested. Phoenix police discuss soured drug bust that killed Chandler officer †¦a Merrill Lynch banker†¦ was busted along with seven others yesterday for participating in an illegal game†¦ I know too that its common to use the word bust to mean burst or break. Hurricanes roaring across the Gulf of Mexico create strong enough underwater waves to dig up and potentially bust open oil pipelines Innovative Sound Device Could Bust Cancer Cells Holiday price stings could bust the family budget. Commonly used or not, these uses always register as nonstandard with me. Colloquial, yes. Appropriate in some idioms, yes. Acceptable in a formal context, no. The verb burst means to break suddenly when in a state of tension. Balloons burst. Bubbles burst. Burst means to break the outer covering and discharge the matter. Boils burst. Burst means to open out, to disperse. Flowers burst into bloom. Seed pods burst. We get wet from a sudden cloud burst. And, of course, undersea oil pipes burst. Undersea wells break or break down. Used informally, the word bust is acceptable in certain idioms: to bust a bronco (break a horse) to go bust (to lose ones money at gambling) boom or bust (economic prosperity or failure) drug bust (drug arrest, raid) to bust (to arrest, or to be discovered in an illegal or disobedient act) This deliberately playful headline about the discovery of a publicity hoax plays on two colloquial meanings of bust as a verb, burst and found out as culpable: Balloon Boy Busted In standard usage, bust is a noun with such meanings as A piece of sculpture representing the head, shoulders, and breast of a person. The upper front part of the human body; the bosom (esp. of a woman). The measurement around a womans body at the level of her bust, usually measured in inches My inability to accept bust as an unexceptionable synonym for break or arrest may be totally irrational. Nevertheless, whenever I hear it from the mouth of a news announcer, or see it used in the context of a formal news story, it strikes me as nonstandard and unnecessarily jarring. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidTelling a Good Poem from a Bad OnePersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe Assignment

The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe - Assignment Example Many folk practices and folktales have been cataloged in the ethnographic encyclopedia and folkloric motifs as a standard guide. These works allow the historian to crosscheck critically the practices and customs that were documented in primary sources. Our area of focus is going to deal with blood and its relationship to the early modern European (Redwald 27). The blood and the bodily symbolism are not only going to reflect the individual and social beliefs but also be able to interpret as they have the values and concepts that can be used to understand how people’s identity is built in a given society that they belong to. Anthropology methodologies are normally concerned with people’s culture; we are going to deal with an anthropological study of magic, witchcraft, heresy, and mysticism commonly known as paganism. Paganism ranges in various ways of high magic (known as ceremonial magic); through witchcraft, these two have varying cosmologies and mythologies, but they h ave a common unifying belief in communication with other spirits and deities in other worlds. These are usually experienced in one’s consciousness (Matteoni 97). According to Sprenger and Institoris’ analysis about witchcraft to have an effect, there must be the witch, the devil and God’s permission to concur in all the mentioned things. So the definition of many late medieval icons about the devil is not easy as one cannot tell the extent to which the devil is present in people’s minds (James 70). According to Peter Burke, the definition of â€Å"people† in western culture existed from the opposed categories: the nobility for the commoners, the literate for the illiterate, the rich for the poor, and the clergy for the laity. Historiography witchcraft reflects the problem of which figure perception by different parts of society, and historians have taken into consideration the socio-economic problems and changes in religious tensions, early modern society, the perception of the witch figure, effect of reformation and its gender relations (Levack 74).           Ã‚  

A literature review. The purpose of such a characterization is to set Essay

A literature review. The purpose of such a characterization is to set up the need for your contribution. Summaries of a - Essay Example Amitai Etzioni asserts that regulations are the way to prevent an economic decline brought about by businesses. In terms of the consumer consumption, a culture change supersedes regulations, but it seems too difficult to develop such a change. Many Americans have continued to work hard to sustain their livelihoods in terms of reaching their wants. As he notes â€Å"what needs to be eradicated†¦ the obsession with acquisition that has become the organizing principle of American life† (Etzioni, 2012). People get to great length for the sole purpose of maximizing their earnings in an effort to meeting their physiological-motivated needs. The society has branded more money and more things to mean ‘good life’ when in real terms the struggles are too much compared to the benefits thereof. He continues to assert that the capitalism has been the key player in facilitating the consumer trends seen. However, capitalism cannot be solely blamed on the woes, what needs to be done is creating a balance between consumption and other engagements (Etzioni, 2012). The perception that increased income relates to increased happiness is misplaced and cannot hold. This is not an advocacy for laxity in striving to be economically stable, but a call for individuals to be cognizant of the need to regulate their consumption. Because of the perception taken against consumption, the public should be made to understand that manageable consumption could not be related to failure (Etzioni, 2013). On the other hand, Juliet Schor presents a view that consumption should be individualized and not be presented as a public affair. She talks about the misplaced thinking that prompts individuals to keep on spending. Her suggestions clearly depict a systematic approach to consumption. She notes that a decent living should be a factor of satisfying the needs and not the wants. In addition, she advocates that the focus should be to improve the quality of life and not a desire t o see the massive items all around them, pushing hard to belong to a consumption class is an irrelevant and displaced move. The consumption levels ought to be in a way that it encourages conservation of the ecology. Consumption also should be made to be free will without having influences from the producers and retailers (Schor, 1999). The two authors establish a common ground of argument. From their views, ‘political’ aspects in the consumption chain have hampered freedom of consumption. They strongly advocate for a change in consumption culture in an attempt to vary the current spending dynamics. Quality of life has also been emphasized; individuals should not only focus on earning and being reduced to shoppers who do not have even the time to do it. The little time available is fixed with one activity after the other. They also call for regulations through the government and the relevant stakeholders in order to create a need-related consumption. Revitalization of co nsumer and labor movements to focus on this hidden yet dangerous trend is an urgent need in an attempt to protect the consumers. At the end of their arguments, the suggestions provided are biased on cultural change among the consumers in order to prevent unnecessary hard work whose products are miserable spent in making acquisitions.

Recent developments in policies in care

Recent developments in policies in care There are a number of recent developments in policies relating to care, however, I am going to focus on just one of these policies which is the National Health Service And Community Care Act 1990. Community care has no single meaning, broadly, it means helping people who need care and support to live with dignity and as much independence as possible in the community. The community is hard to define, it most often means ordinary homes, but for some people, it includes special forms of housing, residential or nursing homes. Community care involves provision which is largely pensions, benefits, income, transport, housing, the opportunity to work, policies for essential services such as fuel, telephone, recreation, education and leisure. Community care is part of our lives. It is the web of care and support provided for frail, people have sick, dependent people both by their families or others members of the community and by public or other services. This means helping some people remain in their homes or creating homelike places appropriate support. Community care means a preference for home life over institutional care. It means helping people to be integrated with their local community, rather than being separate from it, in a long stay hospital, where people do live with others in what are called communal settings or group homes. There is a general reference for smaller homes close to where people have always lived. New arrangements are being introduced for publicly provided social services. These are often referred to as the community care changes. They were first described in 1989 Government document called Caring for people, the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 made the necessary legal changes. Firstly, When looking at the history behind the NHS and community Care Act 1990, In 1948 the new National Health Service (NHS) and local authorities inherited 500 old workhouses that catered for, or warehoused a mixture of elderly people, some of whom were incapable of looking after themselves, some of whom needed medical or nursing care, and some of whom simply had nowhere else to go. The NHS, wanted to get rid of its embarrassing institutions, which contained hundreds of people confined to large wards with no privacy and receiving no significant medical treatment (Townsend 1962). The Nuffield Foundation issued a report from a committee chaired by seebohm Rowntree in 1947 on the circumstances of old people living in these homes, in smaller residential accommodation and at home. It recommended the development of small units, of no more than thirty five people, sited in the community. Central Government issued guidance to local authorities encouraging them to develop such smaller residential homes, though its own expenditure restrictions made this difficult to achieve until the 1960s when closure of the remaining workhouses became a major policy goal and local authorities began to build up services that supported elderly people in their homes, such as home helps and meals on wheels. In NHS terminology these alternatives to long stay care in the old hospitals and workhouses came to be called community care. The same approach can be seen in the next social group to be considered for community care, which was the mentally ill. The Royal Commission on the Law relating to mental illness and mental deficiency in 1957 saw a decline in the number of people needing long-term compulsory detention in hospitals. Many were there and their civil liberties denied merely because no alternatives were available. The preparation for the closure of large long stay hospitals for the mentally ill began in the early 1960s but it progressed very slowly at first. It was the scandals that hit the long stay institutions for the mentally handicapped in the late 1960s and early 1970s that began a large programme of hospital closure for that group too. (Martin 1984). The term community care came to be applied to those facilities that were developed to replace long-stay hospital care. The expectation was that local authorities would take on the role of proving such alternative care. In the 1980s, the emphasis changed again. In their very early statement of policy priorities for the elderly, growing older, the new conservative government emphasised the importance not of care in the community but of care by the community (Department of Health and Social Security 1981). This essentially meant care by the family and support by neighbours and local voluntary groups, not the local authority. Community care has been a concern to shift the responsibility for care from one agency to another, from the NHS to local authorities, from local authorities to families. The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 was introduced for a number of reasons, it introduced new procedures for arranging and paying for state funded social care. The government stated that they aim to make the best use of public money to make sure that the services which are provided by local and health authorities meet their needs. They encouraged authorities to set priorities to decide how they will spend money if there is not enough to provide for everyones needs. They also ensure that local authorities check on the quality of care which is being provided through inspection units, complaints procedures, care management, setting of service specifications and monitoring contracts for care and they aimed to encourage local authorities to use other organisations to provide services, not just to provide themselves. The Audit Commission 1986 carried out a report called making a Reality of Community Care, which was a highly cogent and critical document. It discussed the fragmented nature of the so-called spectrum of care that was supposed to be available, from hospital to domiciliary care. It pointed out that many agencies were involved and that many people were either getting the wrong kind of care or not getting care at all. It criticised funding arrangements that gave more central government support to hospital care than to local authorities, which were providing an alternative. What was new was the exposure of what was happening to the social security funding of residential care. The Audit Commission documented the rise in spending and argued that the government was being wholly inconsistent. It was telling local authorities that it wanted old people to stay at home for as long as possible because that was the most cost-effective and desirable thing to do, but at the same time it was pushing large sums of public money into expensive residential and nursing home care. Sir Roy Griffiths, Mrs Thatchers trusted advisor on the NHS, had already reported to her on the management of the NHS. He was called into service again. He established the Griffiths report in 1984 to review the way in which public funds are used to support community care policy and to advise the secretary of state on options which would improve the use of these funds. (Department of Health and Social Security 1988). His essential job was to sort the money problem. In his report he recommended that public finance for people, who require either residential home care or non-acute nursing home care, whether that is provided by the public sector or by private or voluntary organisations, should be provided in the same way. Public finance should only be provided following separate assessments of the financial means of the applicant and of the need of care. The assessments should be managed through social services authorities. Local authority social services departments were responsible for the funding of support and organisation in the community, which commenced when the establishment of the NHS and Community Care 1990 was made. The blurring of the boundaries involving health and social care came into effect at the same time as the development of this Act was made. Recent debates are concerned with equality in community care over the allocation of public resources involving various client groups, income groups, localities and generations. Local authority services departments were in charge of funding and organising care and support in the community, this was carried out by the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 to allow individuals who are affected by disability or ageing to live independently as possible. Both the idea of responsibility and community care and for its organisation has been especially hard to identify. For example, in 1981 a study by the Department of Health and Social Security distinguished the inconsistent understanding of community care by health and social services authorities. For the NHS, community care typically referred to care offered outside the health service, for example, residential care from local authorities. Residential care was referred mainly by social services departments. The central department of social security was handed the main responsibility for funding from means testing to local service departments. Providing and planning care and assessing peoples needs was the local authoritys responsibility. This included domiciliary care as well as the allowance of money for places in residential and nursing homes. The Act included key objectives, which were, three different types of services available for people at their homes such as respite, day and domiciliary services which includes occupational therapy, bathing services, home care and home help, various types of daytime care outside a persons home is associated with day services. Examples of day services are lunch clubs, day hospitals and day centres. Another key objective is respite care enables people who are being cared for and carers to get a break from another. Respite services include day centre attendance, family placement schemes, sitting services and also respite care provided in nursing and residential homes. Another objective from the Act was service for carers, when an individuals needs assessment is being prepared, carers need to be considered. Another key objective was that a referral on behalf of a patient to social services can be made by any individual as well as any person who is a member of the primary health care team. Also, anyone who appears to need a community care service must be carried out by the local authorities. A written care plan should be then set out by the local authority which should address who, when and what will be achieved by providing services, to deal with issues with services there should be a contact point and if any circumstances change, there should be information on how the individual can ask for an evaluation of the services. Another objective is that GPs are expected to deliver helpful information on health to assist social services in the care assessment. There are a number of adult client groups that benefited from these objectives. The children Act 1989 introduced many changes relevant to provision for children and their protection, adult client groups include elderly people, people with physical disabilities, mental health problems, drug and alcohol problems, people with HIV or AIDS, homeless people and people who are terminally ill. However, the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 have been criticisms. There is a tension between the idea of user-led assessment and the targeting of resources on people. Some social services departments are worried that the assessment process will raise expectations which cannot be met. It is possible that some assessments will not reflect peoples actual needs, but only the needs they are allowed to express in line with those the authority feels able to meet. Such a system would suppress only understandings of the true level of need, unless the unmet needs are carefully recorded and fed back into the system. Also the community care reforms are rooted in the idea that people should have choice about how their care needs are met. Assessment should be user-led, but gives the ultimate responsibility for defining need and working out how or if it will be met to the local authority through the assessor or care manager The Act has been also criticised for using the term vulnerable adults. They are defined as at risk of abuse. They are those meeting the criteria of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, or being in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness and being unable to take care of themselves or to protect themselves against significant harm or exploitation. The term vulnerability is being used in this Act to stress the differences between people in terms of their ability to protect themselves. However, these differences are not fixed and a disability perspective would argue that casting disabled or older people, or people with health problems, as vulnerable is a form of infantilization and further perpetuates their less than full adult status. They can be seen as helpless or dependent and unable to manage the risks of ordinary living. Examples of this are: people with learning disabilities may be over-protected by those who fear they will be exploi ted, in particular, sexually. Another criticism of the Act is that Lewis and Glennerster (1996) have suggested that NHS officers regarded the 1990 Act as good grounds for getting rid of their long-term care responsibilities as soon as possible. Some health authorities stopped providing any continuing care beds at all (Richards 1996). Eventually, these developments forced the department of health publicly to accept that the 1990 Act had led to a reduction in the responsibility of hospitals for long term care, not withstanding its earlier claims to the contrary. On a 1994 report by the Health Service Commissioner into the case of a seriously brain damaged patient, for whom the local health authority had refused to accept responsibility, The Commissioner found that, in refusing to spend resources on patients of this type, the health authority was failing to fulfil its duties. (Health Service Commissioner 1994). Another criticism of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 are that even though the reforms have stressed the significance of carers (primarily other family members), however, some of the individuals that need care do not have families and of the individuals who do have families do not have carers. Also the basic difference in individuals family situation is not directly addressed by the current policy. The community care reforms, which were preceded by the white paper, found that the government distinguishes that demographic movements will have repercussions for the potential availability of carers. However, it failed to explore what these repercussions might be; the reforms also persist to place the relatives at the middle of the care system. Another criticism is that there also may be no interpreting service to help people whose first language is not English, or who is death, People may not want their financial means to be assessed, disablement benefits have to be put towards servic es offered, when there is already difficulty making ends meet. In conclusion the community care involves provision which is largely pensions, benefits, income, transport, housing, the opportunity to work, policies for essential services such as fuel, telephone, recreation, education and leisure. Community care is part of our lives. The NHS and Community Care Act included key objectives, which were, three different types of services available for people at their homes such as respite, day and domiciliary services which includes occupational therapy. Criticisms of the policy include casting disabled or older people, or people with health problems, as vulnerable is a form of infantilization and further perpetuates their less than full adult status. (2599 words)