Study guide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Study guide - Assignment Example 2. Both Christians and Jewish had their own deities and worshipping method and Romans had many gods like Neptune, Venus and other Isis. Which were of Greek and Egyptian origin. Christian community homes serve elderly people and Jewish community home give affordable shelter to old people and catacombs are places of worship and these places are called â€Å"Home care centre† and church for worship in modern times. 15. Lux Nova depics Gothic architecture in its art form where stained glass on windows are given artistic expressions. In this architecture the window glasses of a building had stains in different colours. 1.Byzantine Church in San Vitale was consecrated in 547 and is situated in Italy and has exclusive mosaic work especially the space around the altar. This church has great religious significance has its has connection with Jesus Christ and his apostles .It is a surviving example of Byzantine architecture and Justinian i posted in the central of the mosaic chanel . It has a rectangular choir and apse which project from the eastern side. It was the sole major church built during the Emperor Justinian. The interior of the church had a theology of color. 2. The church was destroyed in fire and was changed in exterior and interior. The cathedral’s West Front, North Porch, and South Porch all have 3 huge doors. The stained glass of the church remained after fire but the type of window of 12th century disappeared when renovated .The interior lighting was same and the stained glass was unique to the Gothic architecture. The royal were integrated into new cathedral and was reinventing gothic style which attracted visitors. And the jamb statues were the figures of kings and queens. 3. Giotti was a completely innovative painter of Italy and has been an evolution maker in Roman art history. He was born near Florence in 13th century and was a painter and architect. He has contributed much to the Italian artistic world and is considered

An Analysis Of The Perestroika Movement In Russia Politics Essay

An Analysis Of The Perestroika Movement In Russia Politics Essay As postulated by Tarasulo (73), Perestroika refers to the great political movement in Russia within the communist party of Soviet Union. The key player in the perestroika was the soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Basically, the essence of the perestroika was to restructure the soviet economic and political system. The concept of perestroika is greatly acknowledged for the end of the cold war as well as the fall of socialism in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union. The significance of perestroika in historical and present politics of Russia is explicit. Initiation and progress of perestroika le to establish of more independent actions by various ministries as well as dismantling of soviet-era planned economy. The replacement of soviet era planned economy by the market economy was a vital development in Russia. Despite the various economic and social tensions brought about by the restructuring process, the entire phenomenon led to increased nationalism among the constituent republics alongsi de social fragmentation. This paper will profoundly discuss and analyze the concept of perestroika and its significance to Russia and the globe in general (Kushner 123). Mikhail Gorbachev had all along had a deep compassion of bringing change to Russian political and economic systems. This quest for change and reforms is very evident at his entrance into the corridors of power in the year 1985. At this time, Mikhail Gorbachev took the office of general secretary of the communist party of the Soviet Union. Despite the opposition given to his reform agenda by well established members of the party, Mikhail didnt give heart. The most significant move initiated by Mikhail was the introduction of democratization, which entailed the introduction of multi-candidate elections in the communist party. Based on this regard, Mikhail was very optimistic that progressive and dynamic personnel will take the vital positions in the party and government. His main focus was to ensure that, the right people enter into power and carryout his institutional and policy reforms (Cohen 54). At the initial stages, the reforms being postulated by Gorbachev received mixed reactions. Fro instance, conservatives had a strong criticism for the reform agenda being advocated for by Gorbachev. Despite this opposition, overwhelming support was also thrown to the process by the liberals who were very optimistic about the newly anticipated changes. The issue of multiparty system also took course without prior anticipation thus reinforcing Gorbachev ideas of bringing change in Russia. The CPSUs conference held in 1988 under the leadership of Gorbachev was an important development and progress in the realization of reforms. At this time, a radical reform was initiated by Gorbachev and his supporters which were aimed at reducing party control of government apparatus. The issue of multi-candidate for regional and local legislatures was also warmly welcomed (Mlynar 93). Advantages of the Perestroika The political and economic restructuring established in Russia under the leadership of Gorbachev had a lot of benefits to the nation, its people and the global community. To begin with, the concept of democratization which entailed multi-candidate had a lot of influence in the mode of governance in Russia. By adoption of multi-candidate in the regional and local legislatures, competent and focused personnel were given an opportunity to lead the people. This was a magnificent development and achievement to the people since a sense of democracy was established. Based on the concept of multi-candidate, a better watch and management of the national resources and national affairs was made more efficient (Cohen 54). Another key achievement established by perestroika involved the concept of reducing party control over government apparatus. It is sad to note that; the communist party had all the powers and authority of all government apparatus there being able to manipulate government operations. The party officials and the different legislators had enormous influence over government apparatus thus leading to enhancing of their own interests. As stated by Kushner (123), the concept of separating the party from the government was a brilliant idea and led to more transparency and responsibility in the execution of national policies. The relationships of Russia and the global community was also enhanced through the adoption of the new changes. It has been noted that, a lot of misconducts were being performed as a result of the previous system of governance (Kushner 123). The establishment of the congress of peoples deputies in December 1988 was also a key development in the government restructuring process. The new amendments led to establishment of a smaller soviet unions legislative body which consisted of 542 members. From this situation, all public organizations were accommodated in the new system. With this regard, it is evident that, perestroika was very beneficial in fostering political development. The issue of poor decision making and dictatorship evident in the Soviet Union and the communist party were abolished through adoption of these changes. Significantly, democracy and human freedom was adequately established through the restructuring process initiated by Gorbachev. An overwhelming support of the new systems of election was witnessed in the 1989 when the people expressed their democratic right to choose members for national legislative body. This was the beginning of democracy and human freedom as people were given the powers and freedom to choose their favorite candidates. Importantly, it was noted that the results of the election stunned the ruling elite. The glory and victory of a new era of governance ran throughout the country. The earlier lot of communist candidates who had been enjoying the privileges of unopposed candidature was astonished by the results of the election (Herrera 123). With regard to economic system, the perestroika had a lot of significance in overcoming the economic stagnation. This was achieved through a more efficient method of creating dependable and effective mechanism for accelerating economic and social development. The principles and core values of Gorbachev was to establish utmost respect to humanity as well as a considerable personal dignity. Based on these principles, the essence of economic crimes and corruption in the government was highly criticized and abolished. As a result fairness in distribution and allocation of national resources was enhanced. The previous scenario of excessive party influence to government apparatus was done away with. It had been made clear that, the communist party had been managing the government as its own affair; hence leading to excessive exploitation of national resources (Mlynar 93). Additionally, the abolishment of the soviet era planned economy and replacement by the market economy was a key achievement of perestroika. The soviet era planned economy had a lot of negative impacts on the economy of Russia thus leading to a very pathetic situation. Gorbachev advocated for a fast-paced technological modernization which was aimed at increasing the economic status. Industrial and agricultural productivity was also accelerated thus ensuring a favorable economic environment. A key strategy adopted by Gorbachev in fostering economic reforms was the improvement of the soviet bureaucracy so as to ensure efficiency and prosperity. A point worth of consideration is that, the economic restructuring was made possible through the reforming of the social and political structures (Kushner 123). One of the most celebrated strategies influencing the success of the economic reforms was on the concept of anti-alcohol campaign. The issue of alcoholism had grown to alarming levels thus calling for the need of change. To affect this policy, the prices of Vodka, beer and wine were raised as well restriction of their sales. The anti-alcohol campaign was very vigorous and significantly led to the decline in alcohol sales. The concept of alcoholism abolishment led to magnificent developments in the economy. Specifically people were more involved in productive activities thus leading to improvement in the economy. The concept of anti-alcohol campaign was warmly received and led to magnificent developments in the social and economic spectrums (Herrera 123). Perestroika led to significant developments in the economy and distribution of national resources. Basically, the vague and inefficient economic policies established by the communist party had a lot of negative impacts to the economy. In relation to this phenomenon, the soviet-era planned economy led to stagnation of economic developments. It is also sad to note that, the levels of poverty in the country were also high alongside very pathetic business environment. With the new political, social and economic reforms, the business environment was made more favorable. It is noted that, increased government support for the business processes was enhanced as well as the stipulation of better policies to counter the effects of uncontrolled business operations (Gorbachev 89). Another key achievement brought forward by the perestroika on the aspect of management of state enterprises. This was a great development which ensured that state enterprises operated freely so as to determine their out put as well as determining the expectation of the consumers. By so doing, the previous inefficiencies which accrued due to governments influence on the management of state corporations was countered. The dictatorship of government on the operations of the state enterprises led to numerous problems and losses to the enterprises. The concept of accountability and transparency in the management of state enterprises was established. This phenomenon led to increased profitability and improvement in quality of services and products offered by these enterprises. Additionally, the restructuring of the management of the state corporations led to recruitment of more competent and expertise personnel thus leading to efficiencies in the whole process. In addition, the issues of f raud and corruption in state enterprises was significantly reduced (Tarasulo 62). The benefits of perestroika were also felt in the global spectrum; whereby Gorbachev was very conscious in establishing and enhancing foreign affairs. Trade and relations with the west were enhanced alongside reduction in the tensions of the cold war. The contributions of perestroika in building global relationships are remarkable. In this case, the new political, social and economic structures led to more interactions of the soviets and western leaders. For instance, the relationship of Russia with Germany was improved thus making the two states to improve their business relations. British prime minister Margaret Thatcher is quoted saying that, she like Mr. Gorbachev and they can smoothly do business together (Herrera 123). It is important to note that; perestroika had a great advantage on boosting the relationship of Russia and other nations. The issue of nuclear weapons in the global scene was very sensitive and required swift actions. It is evident that, Gorbachev leadership led to increased negotiations and consultations in the international scene thus facilitating understanding among the warring countries. This is a big achievement of Gorbachev leadership and is acknowledged for his role in enhancing global peace and reduction of the tensions of the cold war. From these insights, perestroika stands to be acknowledged for its numerous benefits to the Soviet Union as well as the global community. Basically, the improvement in economy, social setup and the political systems are the key advantages of the perestroika (Gorbachev 89). Disadvantages of perestroika Alongside the numerous advantages and benefits of perestroika to the social, political, and economic systems, the phenomenon has also been criticized for different catastrophes. To begin with, there has been overwhelming criticism on perestroika regarding the turmoil which impacted on the economy. Basically, the anti-alcohol campaign impacted negatively on the economy. From the concept of government increasing the prices of vodka, wine and beer alongside restricting the sale of these products impacted negatively on the economy. The revenues of government were drastically reduced thus leading to a budgetary crisis. From the analysis of the situation, it was evident that the government lost a lot of revenues following the abolishment of alcohol sale. Significantly, the employment rates and job opportunities provided by the alcohol industry were cut down. The government lost a lot of taxes both in the form of direct and indirect taxes. The alcohol industry was employing a large number o f people and as a result of the new laws, all these groups were rendered jobless (Tarasulo 62). On the other hand, illegalization and increasing of the prices of alcohol products led to increase in illegal activities. There was a rise of smuggling of alcohol products across the borders as well as illegal production of alcohol in the urban and rural areas. Based on this phenomenon, the security status of the nation was compromised. This is because illegal production and distribution of alcohol products led to low quality of the products. With regard to this situation, the health of the citizens was posed to a very high risk. The concept of beer and wines being manufactured at home or in the slums led to avoidance of adhering to hygiene standards; thus posing a very high health risk. Additionally, increase in price of alcohol products as well as restriction on the sale of alcohol led to increase in crime. This is because the alcohol dependants had no option rather than involving into crime so as to get cash to purchase the products (Gorbachev 89). Additionally, perestroika was also disastrous process which posed the nation at a great risk. For instance, the concept of increased international relationships led to dependency on foreign countries. Soviet Union had an increased trade with Germany, America and British among other countries following the concept of perestroika. In regard to this scenario, any misunderstanding which may occur between these countries may cause severe consequences to the country. For instance a lot of industrial assistance and cooperation was established between Soviet Union and other western countries. The countries began to exchange a lot of resources used in the industrial fields. Specialization among the countries was also established due to the influence of trade. This phenomenon is a potential catastrophe to the countries economy and more so in ties of war or in cases of misunderstanding (Prem 126). On the other hand, the political restructuring of the soviet society had a lot of impacts on the nations stability. With the concept of democratization, the people were given more freedom to participate in political issues. As evident in the 1989 elections, the whole process was very vigorous. Despite the benefits of political freedoms and rights, increased political participation is not always good for the stability of the country. For instances, the issues of ethnicity and bribery are potential phenomenon in the events of political campaigns. Additionally, political differences and tensions are more easily to occur thus jeopardizing the national stability and peace. This phenomenon has happened in different countries and Russia is not exempted from the phenomenon (Cohen 54). Conclusion From the discussion and analysis of perestroika, it is evident that it had a lot of significance in the social, political and economic setup in the Soviet Union. The concept of perestroika is greatly acknowledged for the end of the cold war as well as the fall of socialism in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union. The significance of perestroika in historical and present politics of Russia is explicit. Initiation and progress of perestroika led to establishment of more independent actions by various ministries as well as dismantling of soviet-era planned economy. The replacement of soviet-era planned economy by the market economy was a vital development in Russia. Despite the various economic and social tensions brought about by the restructuring process, the entire phenomenon led to increased nationalism among the constituent republics alongside social fragmentation.

The Big Sleep - Characterization of Vivian and Carmen :: sleep

The Big Sleep - Characterization of Vivian and Carmen in the Movie and the Book The characterization of Vivian and Carmen changes drastically depending on whether you are reading the book or watching the movie. The production code forces the women in the movie to become more socially acceptable-Carmen was not crazy and Vivian was not blatantly seductive. Changes that the production code forces on the characterization of the women causes the movie to be somewhat lack luster. The book was full of painstaking description of the women that the movie completely left out. The production code of the day did not allow the characters do be described as crazy or sexual. The production code expressly forbade it. Even scripts had to be read before the movie could be filmed. Once the movie was done, censors viewed it before they allowed it to be released for the general public. Furthermore, you can forget about seeing anything close to a naked woman or a sexual scene on the screen. The strength of the book is the exact way that Chandler sets up each of scenes. In the book, one of the scenes had Carmen lying naked on Marlowe's bed when he came home. Marlowe had to threaten to throw Carmen out-naked- before she agreed to leave. It really reinforced the characterization that Chandler had used for Carmen. Carmen is very crazy and very sexual. The same scene, in the movie, is shot with Carmen waiting in Marlowe's house fully clothed. He does not have to force her to leave and she does not act nearly as crazy. The production code causes the movie to lack punch because it takes away the precise characterization that Chandler used to describe the women and the situations. The scene is so watered down that it loses the impact that it needs to make the proper impression on those who are watching it. If you only watched the movie, Carmen's visual representation would not be bothersome. After reading the book, however, the visual representation is one more thing that causes the movie to lose its impact. In the book, she is described as "baby-like" and as a spoiled brat. In the movie, she is atleast dressed up as a beautiful woman who may be a little spoiled but who is able to, for the most part, take care of herself. The Big Sleep - Characterization of Vivian and Carmen :: sleep The Big Sleep - Characterization of Vivian and Carmen in the Movie and the Book The characterization of Vivian and Carmen changes drastically depending on whether you are reading the book or watching the movie. The production code forces the women in the movie to become more socially acceptable-Carmen was not crazy and Vivian was not blatantly seductive. Changes that the production code forces on the characterization of the women causes the movie to be somewhat lack luster. The book was full of painstaking description of the women that the movie completely left out. The production code of the day did not allow the characters do be described as crazy or sexual. The production code expressly forbade it. Even scripts had to be read before the movie could be filmed. Once the movie was done, censors viewed it before they allowed it to be released for the general public. Furthermore, you can forget about seeing anything close to a naked woman or a sexual scene on the screen. The strength of the book is the exact way that Chandler sets up each of scenes. In the book, one of the scenes had Carmen lying naked on Marlowe's bed when he came home. Marlowe had to threaten to throw Carmen out-naked- before she agreed to leave. It really reinforced the characterization that Chandler had used for Carmen. Carmen is very crazy and very sexual. The same scene, in the movie, is shot with Carmen waiting in Marlowe's house fully clothed. He does not have to force her to leave and she does not act nearly as crazy. The production code causes the movie to lack punch because it takes away the precise characterization that Chandler used to describe the women and the situations. The scene is so watered down that it loses the impact that it needs to make the proper impression on those who are watching it. If you only watched the movie, Carmen's visual representation would not be bothersome. After reading the book, however, the visual representation is one more thing that causes the movie to lose its impact. In the book, she is described as "baby-like" and as a spoiled brat. In the movie, she is atleast dressed up as a beautiful woman who may be a little spoiled but who is able to, for the most part, take care of herself.

Adaptive Memory Essay

The aim of this particular study was to research adaptive memory and attempt how best to explain how this â€Å"adaptive memory† works. In this experiment 252 first year students were the participants. According to which tutorial group they were in, the participants were given a scenario, with the scenarios being: * Ancestral Hunter * Modern Hunter * Future Hunter Both the Ancestral and Future hunter scenarios contained 80 participants while 92 were placed in the Modern Hunter group. Participants were asked to read a scenario according to which group they were placed in (i. e. Modern scenario for Modern Hunter group etc) following this they were asked to read and rate a list of thirty-five words based on their relevance to their scenario. This list of words was shown on a screen for five seconds each. Following this exercise, participants were then asked to complete a number task in which they were given a list of twelve numbers, each being a seven digit number, where each number was shown on the screen for one second. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay After this, participants were given ten minutes to attempt to recall as many words as possible from the original thirty-five words they had rated. The results showed encoding was most effective for the future hunter scenario. Introduction. A proposition made by evolutionary psychologists is that our cognitive processes have been shaped and tuned by way of adaptation. One situation is that of survival. The ultimate goal is for humans to survive and reproduce, because of this humans have adapted and evolved to heighten their senses in a situation where their survival is threatened. Items can be processed more deeply and remembered for longer when the context of the word given, seems to be a scenario in which the mind believes it needs to actively fight for its own survival. One of the most interesting findings into this theory is the results of Nairne, Thompson and Panderiada’s (2007) experiment. The findings of their experiment revealed life of an encoding task that results in higher levels of free recall than those found with past tested methods. The theory of levels of processing framework states that retention of the given word varies in relation to the depth of which the word in question is processed (Craik & Tulving, 1975). The series of experiments performed by Craik and Tulving found that the participants would process a word better when matching to a related question. This experiment attempts to find how adaptive memory can be best explained. Three different scenarios were used to encode a list of words. It is hypothesised that the scenario in which survival is the ultimate goal, is where the words will be more salient and hence acquire a higher retention of the words listed. Method. Participants were 252 first year undergraduate students undertaking psychology at the University of New South Wales. The experiment was completed during tutorials as a group experiment. The experiments took place according to the tutorial group, and were not performed at the same time. Design. The independent variables in this experiment were the scenarios given to the participants and the list of words and numbers presented to participants after they had completed the scenario. Materials and Design. Stimuli used were 35 concrete nouns selected at random from a list of words which were generated by submitting a range of 400-700 for frequency, concreteness, imageability and meaningfulness criteria in MRC Psycholinguistic Database and twelve seven digit numbers. Procedure. Depending on which tutorial group the student was in, participants were asked to read a survival scenario. In total there were three different scenarios given; Ancestral Hunter, Modern Hunter and Future Hunter. After the participant read through the given scenario they were asked to rate a list of 35 words for relevance. Each word was shown on a screen for a total of five seconds. Following this memory task, the students were then shown 12 seven-digit numbers on the screen, each number being shown for ten seconds. After being presented all twelve, they were given ten seconds to list as many numbers as they could remember. Following this task they were given ten minutes to attempt to recall as many words as possible from the list of thirty-five words given to them to rate after each scenario.

Public Education Financing Essay

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to provide a study on how public educational financing is done in the US.   Its current status, what are the common sources of funds that the US government is getting in order to provide an effective support for the students and their families.   It will also provide readers as to how really educational assistance can be applied in the US setting.   Introduction    How many time did we heard about the news about poverty, unemployment and even problem regarding security in the country or in the world or issues in the business which are over emphasized nowadays.   Actually all of these are inter-elated to the problem of education.   In most political studies, it was said that education is one of the main barometer of a country’s progress, which is definitely true.   You can name some emerging markets and highly prioritized education countries that put their economic growth on a higher level. Like for instance, India and Korea, their main success was actually not about the many investment they have started or the ever friendly relationship that the country have prioritized over the years just to invite foreign investment in the country.   But, what these countries did, as how Japan did decades in the past, is to enrich their educational system.   An educational system that is being the main priority and everything follows.   Just like in Korea, specifically South Korea, what the government done, is to send all their top scholar abroad with government financing their studies, like in best universities in Europe and in the US, what they have studied and patiently done by also their own way as well like tremendous research and knowledge on the latest trend either in technology, business and management.   These altogether has come up into something what Korea has been so proud of, and the is inventing and producing their own world class products, from the simple gadgets, like cell phones, appliances, like TV and even up to ergonomically designed cars, which are now greatly accepted in the global market. For India, it is more on targeting what they can have as strength, the effective way of the government fully supporting their own people by not allowing most of the top notch University Graduate to easily earn their degree without any post certification has been a standard across most of its known University.   Take for instance in IT where most graduates are required to take certification programs has made their graduates highly competitive against their neighboring countries, not only that their labor cost is also not that high, since the cost of living in the country is also well controlled by the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For both of this countries is all brought out by effective and efficient prioritization done by the government and to really focus on improving their educational system as well as controlling foreign interference and always look at the local standard of life, like in India which helps their graduates to be competitive since the cost of living is not that raising too much.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In education, there are two main category, private educational system and public.   For the latter which is the main focus of this research has been always challenge on how it can deliver effective and well allocated financial support for its people.   Actually, this paper’s main objective is to provide a presentation as well as critical analysis on the current public school of the US, most especially in the financing side.   And from the findings, provide at least some meaningful suggestion as to how it can improve the process, in order to greatly improve the service it gives for the people, most especially the deserving families in the US. Finance Program in the US   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the United States, Public education financing continued to be a very hard task to do.   This is for the reason that there are so many states in the country and each of the state has a different needs, factors that affects the better management of its finance system includes, cultural aspect, like as it is common, US has been a country of many nationalities and it has been common fact and this becomes a true big attention to look at since different culture m9ight have different needs, secondly, there are also issues in the current status of each state, like in terms of its domestic product, other state has a better economic performance and this can easily help in the implementation of public school financing for that certain state, but however for others that are purely depending on financial aid which may come from private or public sources are always a challenge to evaluate and probably improves the local process in order to achieve better financial system for that state.   In other words, even the government have establishes a country wide policies, there are still times which is mostly, that these policies need to be change a little in order to address the exact needs of the state.   (Public School Finance Program of the United States and Canada, n.d.).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is true that the US government has provided a lot of attention in supporting families to overcome the ever increasing cost of education.   Just like in most European countries where there tax automatically works in their educational system.   In the US it does not actually works exactly like that, what happen is that for the public educational system, it provides these sources usually through Federal Government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The very basic requirement are the following, first, there is a financial need, where the income of the family have shown that the incapacity to send their children in school is relatively present.   Second, is that there is an education requirement, meaning the child has shown great interest in pursuing education, and lastly, is to apply and comply for legal requirements.   There are also different types of student Aid that the student might apply, depending upon on the appropriateness of the need, which the public educational agency can help in attaining the request, (1) Grants, (2) Work Study and (3) Loans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grants, is the support that provide by the US government for deserving students which families does not really have the capacity to send their children to school.   The family will just present to the agency the required documents that show that their income is not enough to send their children to school.   For the second type, Work Study is allowing students to work part-time in order for them to finance their studies.    This is one of the common and applied system that the government gives to young adults that is not only teaching them how to live their life in a mature way but also finding it more importance I their study as well, since they work to study and the every dollar that they earn is shown to be very important for them.   Lastly, for Loans, these are borrowed amount of money by the student that needs to be repaid.   This is also allowed or be given to families that shown no capacity to let their children to go to school.   The local federal agencies are also helping these students to be approved in this application.   This can also be done in terms or depending on the agreed payment scheme.   (The Guide to federal Student Aid 2007-2008, n.d). Revenue sources for State Funds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following figures and table have shown that most of the source of revenue that supports the public education in the US, comes from the state resources, where it also a true showing that the country’s income were also come from the state as well.   Then it followed by the income from the local property taxes, then other sources of earnings from the state and lastly is from the federal sources, which is expected to be low because it does not actually expect much earning from them.   (See Figure 1 and 2). NOTE:  Current expenditures include instruction, instruction-related, support services, and other elementary/secondary current expenditures, but exclude expenditures on capital outlay, other programs, and interest on long-term debt. SOURCE:  U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), â€Å"National Public Education Financial Survey (NPEFS),† fiscal year 2005, Version 1a. Figure 1 Current per-pupil expenditures for public elementary and secondary education in the United States:  Ã‚  Fiscal year 2005 NOTE:  Classification is based on the unrounded amount. SOURCE:  U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), â€Å"National Public Education Financial Survey (NPEFS),† fiscal year 2005, Version 1a. Figure 2 Federal revenues as a percentage of total revenues for public elementary and secondary education in the United States:  Ã‚  Fiscal year 2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It only shows that the government can be guided by these graphs as to how they can prioritize each state.   In this graph it shows that most states in the rural or country side are the ones that need to be focus more, where the importance of support through financial aid are need to be look into, since one of the obvious reason is the capacity of family to send their children to school are always a question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just to provide a   better look at the entire figures in terms of table just to have a better look at the need of each regions, and how much they need it, this is the presentation in table format.   (Graphs in Education Finance, n.d.). (See Table 1). Region and revenue source 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Northeast                                                    Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0                            Federal 4.6 4.6 5.1 5.4 5.3 4.7 5.0 4.9 State 40.2 40.5 39.5 38.8 38.4 39.0 38.7 38.6 Local property taxes 48.7 48.8 49.2 49.8 50.3 50.0 49.8 49.9 Other local sources 6.5 6.1 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.6                            Midwest                                                    Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0                            Federal 5.4 5.5 5.9 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.7 State 39.6 39.4 37.9 38.5 39.0 45.8 46.7 46.8 Local property taxes 45.0 44.8 46.1 46.6 46.0 39.1 38.6 38.1 Other local sources 10.1 10.3 10.1 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.0 9.3                            South                                                    Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0                            Federal 7.3 7.3 7.8 8.4 8.4 8.0 7.6 7.8 State 49.1 49.5 48.5 48.0 48.0 48.1 49.0 48.9 Local property taxes 27.1 27.3 28.3 21.7 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.9 Other local sources 16.5 15.9 15.5 22.0 15.9 16.2 15.7 15.5                            West                                                    Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0                            Federal 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.1 7.7 State 60.6 60.4 60.7 59.0 55.7 54.9 56.3 58.4 Local property taxes 23.8 23.8 23.8 25.5 28.1 28.2 26.8 25.3 Other local sources 8.8 8.8 8.2 7.9 8.0 8.4 8.8 8.6 See notes at end of table. TABLE 1 Percentage distribution of total revenue for public elementary and secondary education in the United States, by region and revenue source: 1989–90 to 2002–05 Public School Revenue Changes in its Main Sources of Revenues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very common as well that many changes in the public school revenue happen.   This can either brought out by economic changes through implementation of new policies or it can really come from the result of earnings from both the national and local level.   Since it is not only education is the priority of the US government and it needs to strike the balance between other priorities, like labor related requirements, infrastructure and other business and economic requirements which are also vital in the development or progress of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just to show the exact school year spending per region in the US starting from 1990 to 2004, which would already gives the trend that the country might be using.   (See Figure 3). Figure 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this result the Midwest has experienced decrease because local funding has dropped by 55% percent of all revenue for public elementary and secondary education in 1989–90 to 44 percent in 2003–04. Declines in the proportion of property tax revenue accounted for most of this decrease. For the Northeast it also experienced a drop in the proportion of revenue from local sources. In both regions, there were increases in the proportion of total revenue from federal and state sources. While in year ’03 and ‘04, as in earlier years, the Northeast has depended on a greater degree on property tax revenues than the other regions. The difference in the reliance on property tax revenues between the Northeast and the Midwest was greater in year 2003 and 2004 than in 89 and 90.   (Changes in Sources of Public School Revenue, n.d.). The Impact of Energy Crisis has given Problem to US Public School Spending   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It as during the start of 1990, where US have experienced problems in well allocating funds for public schools and this continues to provide some big problems in the country.   It is only with the help of some private institution and agencies that lift the government obligations in addressing some of these issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In many times the Federal Aid, through its loan, grants and work study benefits have given an extra assistance for the many students in the US.   And this has shown by the closed cooperation between the government and private firms, which makes everything possible.   Wit the continuous problem that are happening in the global economy, the immediate reaction of US government in controlling the cause by providing an extra effort of polishing the local and even sometimes if needed national policies also has provided big help in helping the public school financial assistance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The finding directly comes from examining the direct impact of energy increase on the US public school system and the results where:   On the average, school districts spent $137 per pupil on energy expenditures in fiscal year 00. For fiscal year 01, they budgeted an 11 percent increase, raising their budgets to $152 per pupil. However, actual fiscal years 01 per pupil energy expenditures, at $166 per pupil, were 22 percent higher than in fiscal year 00. The average district experienced a 9 percent shortfall between what it had budgeted for fiscal year 01 and its actual expenditures. The average school district budgeted $176 per pupil for fiscal year 02 energy needs, or a 6 percent increase over what it actually spent in fiscal year 01. This $24 per pupil increase over fiscal year 01 budgeted costs translated into an increase of about $1 billion in expected costs. But, as it was stated earlier there were a lot of efforts made by both the local and national government in addressing the issue, which has provided a good lift for the US public school financing agencies.   And all of this effort is by improving by the facilities, which has given the needed help and assistance.   Like, 39 percent locked in rates with one or more energy vendors, 29 percent participated in consortia that negotiated prices with third-party energy vendors, 12 percent instituted or increased fees to use facilities, and 7 percent closed schools or sent students home early for at least 1 day. In the following fiscal year, it was continued 47 percent of the nation’s districts renovated or retrofitted existing facilities, 44 percent locked in rates, 33 percent participated in consortia, 15 percent instituted or increased fees to use facilities, and 6 percent closed schools or sent students home early for at least 1 day. With this result the government has effectively and efficiently counter act the problem.   (Effects of Energy Needs and Expenditures on U.S. Public Schools, n.d.). Estimation Standards Helps Improve Public School Expenditure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The US government has also conducted great effort by allowing every state to formulate their own spending estimation, which gives better result since the local government has more accurate data and analysis over their need.   It was the standards are estimated using frontier regression techniques which adjust for the differential levels of efficiency of resource usage across different school districts.   This standard has help a lot for better and almost accurate estimation for the public school spending in each district or state.   (Dopuch, Nicholas & Gupta, Mahendra, n.d.). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this report it shows how United States has provided its best effort in addressing the issue of public school financing.   This shows that with the help of its earnings that comes from the state as well as other revenues that it generates; it helps public schools in its financial needs.   It also shows that the government has provided its best effort in providing every adjustment to help the agencies in addressing the issue, like in this case the government has effectively improve the energy renovation of most public schools.   But most importantly the importance of Federal Aid, which provides a wide variety of assistance to students who are in need of financial aid, such as grants, work study and loans, which have shown big support for public schools in particular. References    â€Å"Changes in Sources of Public School Revenue.† Education Finance Statistics Center – Institute of Education, US Department of Education. N.d Dopuch, Nicholas & Gupta, Mahendra. (n.d.). â€Å"An Estimation of Standards for Public School Expenditures.† Social Science Research Center.   â€Å"Effects of Energy Needs and Expenditures on U.S. Public Schools.† Education Finance â€Å"Graphs in Education Finance.† Education Finance Statistics Center – National Centre for Educational Statistics – Institute of Education, US Department of Education. â€Å"Public School Finance Act of 1994.† Colorado Department of Education. â€Å"Public School Finance Program of the United States and Canada: 1998-1999.† Education Finance Statistics Center – Institute of Education, US Department of Education. N.d, [Online] Available at: http://nces.ed.gov/edfin/state_finance/StateFinancing.asp â€Å"Revenue Source.† Oregon School Board Association.     Richard, Aronson & Schwartz, Eli. (2004), â€Å"Management Policies in Local Government Finance.† USA: ICMA Publishing â€Å"The Guide to Federal Student Aid 2007-08.† US Department of Education – Federal Student Aid. N.d, [Online] Available at: Thompson, David. (2007). â€Å"United States: Public School Finance.† Accounting and Consultancy. 7 February 2007